Early neurosyphilis presenting with facial palsy and an oral ulcer in a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus positive: a case report

Nguata M, Orwa J, Kigen G, Kamaru E, Emonyi W, Kariuki S, Newton C, Ongeri L, Atwoli L. Association between psychosis and substance use in Kenya. Findings from the NeuroGAP-Psychosis study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024;15:1301976.

Emonyi W, Kigen G, Nyongesa P, Sagwe A, Achieng E, Kemboi M, Osayame A, Marete I, Esamai F. Assessment of the performance of the mRDT test in asymptomatic first trimester malaria infection in nulliparous pregnant women. East African Medical Journal 2023;100:6409–6417.

Njuguna D, Nwaneri F, Prichard AC, Manji I, Kigen G, Busakhala N, Nyanje S, O'Neil E, Pastakia SD. Risk of bleeding associated with outpatient use of rivaroxaban in VTE management at a national referral hospital in western Kenya. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 2023;29:10760296231184216.Abstract

There is limited data on the bleeding safety profile of direct oral anticoagulants, such as rivaroxaban, in low- and middle-income country settings like Kenya. In this prospective observational study, patients newly started on rivaroxaban or switching to rivaroxaban from warfarin for the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) within the national referral hospital in western Kenya were assessed to determine the frequency of bleeding during treatment. Bleeding events were assessed at the 1- and 3-month visits, as well as at the end of follow-up. The International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) and the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria were used to categorize the bleeding events, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize categorical variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted associations between patient characteristics and bleeding. The frequency of any type of bleeding was 14.4% (95% CI: 9.3%-20.8%) for an incidence rate of 30.9 bleeding events (95% CI: 20.1-45.6) per 100 patient-years of follow-up. The frequency of major bleeding was 1.9% while that of clinically relevant non-major bleeding was 13.8%. In the multivariate logistic regression model, being a beneficiary of the national insurance plan was associated with a lower risk of bleeding, while being unemployed was associated with a higher bleeding risk. The use of rivaroxaban in the management of VTE was associated with a higher frequency of bleeding. These findings warrant confirmation in larger and more targeted investigations in a similar population.

Gabriel Kigen

Associate Professor of Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Early neurosyphilis presenting with facial palsy and an oral ulcer in a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus positive: a case report

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