Embleton L, Nyandat J, Ayuku D, Sang E, Kamanda A, Ayaya S, Nyandiko W, Gisore P, Vreeman R, Atwoli L. {Sexual Behavior Among Orphaned Adolescents in Western Kenya: A Comparison of Institutional- and Family-Based Care Settings}. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2017;60.Abstract © 2016 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine Purpose This study sought to assess whether risky sexual behaviors and sexual exploitation of orphaned adolescents differed between family-based and institutional care environments in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Methods We analyzed baseline data from a cohort of orphaned adolescents aged 10–18 years living in 300 randomly selected households and 19 charitable children's institutions. The primary outcomes were having ever had consensual sex, number of sex partners, transactional sex, and forced sex. Multivariate logistic regression compared these between participants in institutional care and family-based care while adjusting for age, sex, orphan status, importanc e of religion, caregiver support and supervision, school attendance, and alcohol and drug use. Results This analysis included 1,365 participants aged ≥10 years: 712 (52{%}) living in institutional environments and 653 (48{%}) in family-based care. Participants in institutional care were significantly less likely to report engaging in transactional sex (adjusted odds ratio,.46; 95{%} confidence interval,.3–.72) or to have experienced forced sex (adjusted odds ratio,.57; 95{%} confidence interval,.38–.88) when controlling for age, sex, and orphan status. These associations remained when adjusting for additional variables. Conclusions Orphaned adolescents living in family-based care in Uasin Gishu, Kenya, may be at increased risk of transactional sex and sexual violence compared to those in institutional care. Institutional care may reduce vulnerabilities through the provision of basic material needs and adequate standards of living that influence adolescents' sexual risk-taking behaviors. The use of single items to assess outcomes and nonexplicit definition of sex suggest the findings should be interpreted with caution.
Shangani S, Operario D, Genberg B, Kirwa K, Midoun M, Atwoli L, Ayuku D, Galárraga O, Braitstein P. {Unconditional government cash transfers in support of orphaned and vulnerable adolescents in western Kenya: Is there an association with psychological wellbeing?}. PLoS ONE. 2017;12.Abstract © 2017 Shangani et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background Orphaned and vulnerable adolescents (OVA) in sub-Saharan Africa are at greater risk for adverse psychological outcomes compared with their non-OVA counterparts. Social interventions that provide cash transfers (CTs) have been shown to improve health outcomes among young people, but little is known about their impact on the psychological wellbeing of OVA. Objective Among OVA in western Kenya, we assessed the association between living in a household that received monthly unconditional government CTs and psychological wellbeing. Methods We examined the likelihood of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and positive future outlook among 655 OVA aged between 10 and 18 years who lived in 300 randomly selected households in western Kenya that either received or did not receive unconditional monthly CTs. Results The mean age was 14.0 (SD 2.4) years and 329 (50.2{%}) of the participants were female while 190 (29.0{%}) were double orphans whose biological parents were both deceased. After adjusting for socio-demographic, caregiver, and household characteristics and accounting for potential effects of participant clustering by sub-location of residence, OVA living in CT households were more likely to have a positive future outlook (odds ratio [OR] 1.47, 95{%} confidence interval [CI] 1.08, 1.99), less likely to be anxious (OR 0.57, 95{%} CI 0.42, 0.78), and less likely to have symptoms of post-traumatic stress (OR 0.50, 95{%} CI 0.29, 0.89). We did not find statistically significant differences in odds of depression by CT group. Conclusion OVA in CT households reported better psychological wellbeing compared to those in households not receiving CTs. CT interventions may be effective for improving psychological wellbeing among vulnerable adolescents in socioeconomically deprived households.
Kwobah E, Epstein S, Mwangi A, Litzelman D, Atwoli L. {PREVALENCE of psychiatric morbidity in a community sample in Western Kenya}. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17.Abstract © 2017 The Author(s). Background: About 25{%} of the worldwide population suffers from mental, neurological and substance use disorders but unfortunately, up to 75{%} of affected persons do not have access to the treatment they need. Data on the magnitude of the mental health problem in Kenya is scarce. The objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence and the socio-demographic factors associated with mental and substance use disorders in Kosirai division, Nandi County, Western Kenya. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study in which participants were selected by simple random sampling. The sampling frame was obtained from a data base of the population in the study area developed during door-to-door testing and counseling exercises for HIV/AIDS. Four hundred and twenty consenting adults were interviewed by psychologists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Version 7 for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition and a researcher-designed social demographic questionnaire. Results: One hundred and ninety one (45{%}) of the participants had a lifetime diagnosis of at least one of the mental disorders. Of these, 66 (15.7{%}) had anxiety disorder, 53 (12.3{%}) had major depressive disorder; 49 (11.7{%}) had alcohol and substance use disorder. 32 (7.6{%}) had experienced a psychotic episode and 69 (16.4{%}) had a life-time suicidal attempt. Only 7 (1.7{%}) had ever been diagnosed with a mental illness. Having a mental condition was associated with age less than 60 years and having a medical condition. Conclusion: A large proportion of the community has had a mental disorder in their lifetime and most of these conditions are undiagnosed and therefore not treated. These findings indicate a need for strategies that will promote diagnosis and treatment of community members with psychiatric disorders. In order to screen more people for mental illness, we recommend further research to evaluate a strategy similar to the home based counseling and testing for HIV and the use of simple screening tools.