Lexicalization in Sheng - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (Alternation, 2004)

The Migrant Experience in East African Asian Writing - Peter Simatei (Commonwealth: Essays and Studies, 2004)

Mortality in a cohort of street youth in Montreal - Roy, E.; Haley, N.; Leclerc, P.; Sochanski, B.; Boudreau, J. F.; Boivin, J. F. (JAMA, 2004)

Neonatal gastric perforation - R T Kuremu; G P Hadley; Wiersma, R (East African medical journal, 2004)

Nutrition And the Millennium Development Goals A Kenyan Perspective on the Eradication of Extreme Poverty and Hunger - Keino, Susan J (SCN News, 2004)

Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck - Cooper, Jay S; Pajak, Thomas F; Forastiere, Arlene A; Jacobs, John; Campbell, Bruce H; Saxman, Scott B; Kish, Julie A; Kim, Harold E; Cmelak, Anthony J; Rotman, Marvin; others (New England Journal of Medicine, 2004)

Powerful lies, or history as fiction? a reading of Ebrahim N. Hussein's Kinjeketile - Mboya, T.M. (2004)
Keywords: East Africa; Tanzania

Protective low price composite materials based on natural fibres - Paul Wambua (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2004)

Psychosocial and Nutritional Status of Street Children In Comparison to School Children: A Case of Eldoret Town - Ayuku, D.; Ettyang, G.; Odero, W (African J Food, Agric Nutr Dev, 2004)

Reduced expression of 15-lipoxygenase 2 in human head and neck carcinomas. - Wang, D; Chen, SY; Feng, Y; Tang, X; Li, RS; Campbell, B; Nalwa, S; Campbell, W (CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION, 2004)

Religion and socio-political change in Kenya: 1978-2003 - Kamaara, Eunice (Church-State Relations: A Challenge for African Christianity, 2004)

Sexual behavior is more risky in rural than in urban areas among young women in Nyanza province, Kenya - Hélène ACM Voeten; Omar B Egesah; J Dik F Habbema (Sexually transmitted diseases, 2004)

Socio-economic factors predisposing under five-year-old children to severe protein energmalnutrition at the Moi teaching and referral hospital - Ayaya, S. O.; Esamai, F. O.; Rotich, J.; Olwambula, A. R. (Eldoret. East Afr Med J., 2004)

Speech intelligibility and quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors - Meyer, Tanya K; Kuhn, Joan C; Campbell, Bruce H; Marbella, Anne M; Myers, Katherine B; Layde, Peter M (The Laryngoscope, 2004)

Stigmatization of persons living with HIV/Aids in Africa: pastoral challenges - Kamaara, Eunice (African Ecclesial Review, 2004)

A Study on the Effect of Different Types of Lower Free End Saddle Partial Dentures on the Supporting Structures. - Arnaout M, (2004)

Tailored scaling: a possibility to improve the performance of ultra-wide continuously tunable photonic devices - Ataro, E; Prott, C; Roemer, F; Hillmer, H (Applied Physics B, 2004)

Testicular torsion: case report - R T Kuremu (East African medical journal, 2004)

Threats to biodiversity and their implications in protected and adjacent dispersal areas of Kenya - Okello, Moses Makonjio; Kiringe, John Warui (Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2004)

Transition temperature for 4 He liquid adsorbed in disordered media - Sakwa, WT; Khanna, KM; Mueni, M; Rotich, S.; Torongey, PK (CSIR, 2004)

Traumatic grief in Kenyan bereaved parents following the Kyanguli School fire tragedy - Othieno, Caleb J; , Benson Gakinya; Ndumbu, Able; Omar, Ali; Kokonya, Donald A; Ongecha, Francisca A; Mutiso, Victoria; Oketch, Violet; Mwangi, Judy; others (2004)

Traumatic grief in Kenyan bereaved parents following the Kyanguli School fire tragedy - David M Ndetei; Othieno, Caleb J; , Benson Gakinya; Ndumbu, Able; Omar, Ali; Kokonya, Donald A; Ongecha, Francisca A; Mutiso, Victoria; Oketch, Violet; Mwangi, Judy (World Psychiatry, 2004)

Uchanganuzi wa makosa ya kiisimu katika matumizi ya Kiswahili miongoni mwa Wanyore - Opijah, Allan L (Depart of Kiswahili and other African Languages, 2004)

What makes clinical research in developing countries ethical? The benchmarks of ethical research - Emanuel, E. J.; Wendler, D.; Killen, J.; Grady, C. (J Infect Dis, 2004)

WIDGET CATEGORIES - Kerama, Emily Choge; Kamaara, Eunice Karanja (2004)

Women in Africa's Development Process: An Assessment from the Feminist Philosophical Approach - Chukwu, Cletus N (E. African J. Hum. Rts. & Democracy, 2004)

Xerostomia and Effects on Quality of Life in LongTerm Head and Neck Cancer Survivors - Duke, Rebecca Lynn; Campbell, Bruce H; Schultz, Christopher J; Marbella, Anne; Myers, Katherine B; Layde, Peter (Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 2004)

10. Part 2. Carcass composition and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray; R Sheridan; A.V Ferreira; L.C Hoffman; T Wuliji; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; others (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Acknowledgement to the 2003 Reviewers - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

The aesthetics of theatre for community development in Kenya - Christopher Odhiambo (Nairobi Journal of Literature, 2003)

An analysis of the rebel war in northern Uganda - Prisca, Tanui Too (African Ecclesial, 2003)

An anti-personnel mine protection based on natural fibres - Paul Wambua; Vangrimde, Bart; Lomov, Stepan; Ignaas Verpoest (The 4th International Symposium on Materials from Renewable Resources, MesseCongressCenter Erfurt, Germany, 11th - 12th September 2003, 2003)

Application of the protected landscape model in southern Kenya - Bobby Wishitemi; Okello, Moses Makonjio (Parks, 2003)

Applied Ethics and HIV - Chukwu, Cletus N (AIDS–A Philosophical Discourse, Kijabe, Kenia, 2003)

Applied Ethics and HIV/AIDS in Africa: A philosophical discourse - Chukwu, Cletus N (2003)

Applying More Than 25 Years of Electronic Patient Records Experience to a Third World Health Environment and Making It Work: MUFHS Program-Eldoret, Kenya - Hannan, Terry J; Rotich, Joseph K; Diero, Lameck; Odero, Wilson; Siika, Abraham; Smith, Faye E; Bii, John; Einterz, Robert M; William M. Tierney (HIC 2003 RACGP12CC [combined conference]: Proceedings: Proceedings, 2003)

Association of milk traits with SSCP polymorphisms at the growth hormone gene in the Serrana goat - P.X. Marques; M. Pereira; M.R. Marques; I.C. Santos; C.C. Belo; R. Renaville; A. Cravador (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The present study suggests the existence of an association between milk production traits and genetic polymorphisms at the growth hormone (GH) gene in the Portuguese indigenous Serrana goat. The DNA from 229 animals of two ecotypes (Jarmelista and Ribatejano) was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique revealing a high degree of genetic polymorphism at the goat GH (gGH) gene. Two conformation patterns were detected in exons 1 and 2, 6 in exon 3, 10 in exon 4 and 5 in exon 5. The evaluation of an association effect between these SSCP patterns with milk, fat and protein yields and fat and protein percentages suggests a positive effect of pattern A/B of exon 4 for Ribatejano ecotype and of pattern A/B of exon 2 for Jarmelista ecotype with milk yield (P<0.05) and of pattern A/B of exon 1 and pattern B/B of exon 2 with protein percentage (P<0.05) for Ribatejano ecotype. The results support the hints suggested by previous studies of the importance of the gGH gene as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection in goat breeds and suggest that exon 4 is a preferential target for further investigation on mutations that influence milk yield variation.
Keywords: Genetic markers; Goat; Growth hormone; Milk traits; Single strand conformation polymorphism

Association of milk traits with SSCP polymorphisms at the growth hormone gene in the Serrana goat - P.X. Marques; M. Pereira; M.R. Marques; I.C. Santos; C.C. Belo; R. Renaville; A. Cravador (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The present study suggests the existence of an association between milk production traits and genetic polymorphisms at the growth hormone (GH) gene in the Portuguese indigenous Serrana goat. The DNA from 229 animals of two ecotypes (Jarmelista and Ribatejano) was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique revealing a high degree of genetic polymorphism at the goat GH (gGH) gene. Two conformation patterns were detected in exons 1 and 2, 6 in exon 3, 10 in exon 4 and 5 in exon 5. The evaluation of an association effect between these SSCP patterns with milk, fat and protein yields and fat and protein percentages suggests a positive effect of pattern A/B of exon 4 for Ribatejano ecotype and of pattern A/B of exon 2 for Jarmelista ecotype with milk yield (P<0.05) and of pattern A/B of exon 1 and pattern B/B of exon 2 with protein percentage (P<0.05) for Ribatejano ecotype. The results support the hints suggested by previous studies of the importance of the gGH gene as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection in goat breeds and suggest that exon 4 is a preferential target for further investigation on mutations that influence milk yield variation.
Keywords: Genetic markers; Goat; Growth hormone; Milk traits; Single strand conformation polymorphism

Author Index Vol. 47, 2003 - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

“Ben Okri” entry Stuttgart: Metzler - Peter Simatei (Metzler Lexikon englischsprachiger Autoren, 2003)

Comparative study of some prevalent diseases of ecotype goats reared in southeastern Nigeria - B.I. Odo (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The study was to determine the prevalent diseases of three native Nigeria goat breeds reared in the same environment for a period of 5 years (1995–1999). The indigenous goat breeds used were the Red Sokoto (RS), West African Dwarf (WAD) and their crossbreeds (CB). The prevalent diagnoses included mange, tick and flea infestations, helminthiasis, pneumonia, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), orf, abortion/stillbirth and premature delivery. Only the WAD had prevalence of helminthiasis, orf and premature delivery. The CB group had greater prevalence (P<0.05) of tick and flea infestations and of abortion/stillbirth than the other breeds. Age group had no influence on the prevalence of most of the diagnosed diseases. The kids were the major age group affected by orf. Seasonal variation in disease prevalence also was observed with mange and helminthiasis occurring during early- and late-rainy seasons. Seasons and genotype are therefore important factors affecting the prevalence and susceptibility of goats to diseases in the equatorial zone of southeastern Nigeria.
Keywords: Disease seasonality; Disease susceptibility; Indigenous goats; Prevalent diseases; Southeastern Nigeria

Comparative study of some prevalent diseases of ecotype goats reared in southeastern Nigeria - B.I. Odo (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The study was to determine the prevalent diseases of three native Nigeria goat breeds reared in the same environment for a period of 5 years (1995–1999). The indigenous goat breeds used were the Red Sokoto (RS), West African Dwarf (WAD) and their crossbreeds (CB). The prevalent diagnoses included mange, tick and flea infestations, helminthiasis, pneumonia, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), orf, abortion/stillbirth and premature delivery. Only the WAD had prevalence of helminthiasis, orf and premature delivery. The CB group had greater prevalence (P<0.05) of tick and flea infestations and of abortion/stillbirth than the other breeds. Age group had no influence on the prevalence of most of the diagnosed diseases. The kids were the major age group affected by orf. Seasonal variation in disease prevalence also was observed with mange and helminthiasis occurring during early- and late-rainy seasons. Seasons and genotype are therefore important factors affecting the prevalence and susceptibility of goats to diseases in the equatorial zone of southeastern Nigeria.
Keywords: Disease seasonality; Disease susceptibility; Indigenous goats; Prevalent diseases; Southeastern Nigeria

Contents cont from OBC (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Contents Vol. 47, 2003 - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Deriving nutrient requirements of growing Indian sheep under tropical condition using performance and intake data emanated from feeding trials conducted in different research institutes - S.S. Paul; A.B. Mandal; G.P. Mandal; A. Kannan; N.N. Pathak (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Data from 19 feeding trials conducted on growing sheep from different institutes across India were subjected to regression analysis to derive requirements of TDN, CP and DCP for maintenance and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for TDN, CP and DCP were 37.0, 6.68 and 4.43g/kg W0.75, respectively for the BW range of 7–15kg, and the corresponding maintenance requirements for the BW range of 15.1–30kg were 35.3, 6.98 and 4.49g. The corresponding requirements for 1g gain in BW were 0.91, 0.47, and 0.31g, for 7–15kg BW and 1.21, 0.43 and 0.30g, respectively for 15–30kg BW range. Regression equations had high R2 values (0.59–0.84) and the equations (F value) as well as coefficients were highly significant (P<0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. The new standards so derived predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards; as these are based on a more thorough analysis of a larger database, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for wide use in India.
Keywords: Energy requirements; Feeding standards; Growth; Protein requirements; Sheep; Tropical conditions

Deriving nutrient requirements of growing Indian sheep under tropical condition using performance and intake data emanated from feeding trials conducted in different research institutes - S.S. Paul; A.B. Mandal; G.P. Mandal; A. Kannan; N.N. Pathak (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Data from 19 feeding trials conducted on growing sheep from different institutes across India were subjected to regression analysis to derive requirements of TDN, CP and DCP for maintenance and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for TDN, CP and DCP were 37.0, 6.68 and 4.43g/kg W0.75, respectively for the BW range of 7–15kg, and the corresponding maintenance requirements for the BW range of 15.1–30kg were 35.3, 6.98 and 4.49g. The corresponding requirements for 1g gain in BW were 0.91, 0.47, and 0.31g, for 7–15kg BW and 1.21, 0.43 and 0.30g, respectively for 15–30kg BW range. Regression equations had high R2 values (0.59–0.84) and the equations (F value) as well as coefficients were highly significant (P<0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. The new standards so derived predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards; as these are based on a more thorough analysis of a larger database, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for wide use in India.
Keywords: Energy requirements; Feeding standards; Growth; Protein requirements; Sheep; Tropical conditions

Developing breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics - IS Kosgey; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Economic values for traits of meat sheep in medium to high production potential areas of the tropics - IS Kosgey; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Breeding objectives were developed for meat sheep in smallholder production circumstances in the tropics. The traits considered were litter size, lambing frequency, pre-weaning, and post-weaning lamb survival to 12 months, ewe survival, lamb live weight at 12-month, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake. Three evaluation situations were considered: (i) base with constant number of ewes, (ii) fixed feed resource and (iii) setting feed costs to zero. Sensitivity analysis of economic values to price levels of inputs and meat production was carried out. The fixed feed resource situation appropriately describes smallholder production circumstances. In the base situation, meat production accounted for about 88% of revenue and manure the remaining 12%. Variable costs represented about 95% of the total cost. For the fixed feed resource situation, economic values (US$ per ewe per year) were 12.94 for litter size, 10.18 for lambing frequency, 0.19 for pre-weaning lamb survival, 0.24 for post-weaning lamb survival, 0.36 for ewe survival, 1.02 for 12-month lamb live weight, 0.14 for mature ewe live weight, 0.51 for consumable meat, 0.08 for kg of manure DM sold (per ewe per year) and -0.04 for residual DM feed intake. Litter size and lambing frequency were the most important traits in a breeding objective for smallholder production. Relative to the base situation, setting feed costs to zero had similar results as the situation with restricted feed resource but resulted in larger differences. Sensitivity analysis of economic weights to changes in prices and production circumstances indicated that future economic values for traits might change dependent on levels of output and prices. The exceptions, with regard to changes in meat price are kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake, and with regard to feed costs are consumable meat and kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year. Economic values for 12-month lamb live weight, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake were not sensitive to changes in management and marketing circumstances. Caution is recommended when the breeding objectives presented here are applied not to disadvantage smallholders in poor climatic years, when farmers are at their most vulnerable situation.
Keywords: Breeding objectives; Economic values; Sheep; Smallholder farmers; Tropics

Economic values for traits of meat sheep in medium to high production potential areas of the tropics - IS Kosgey; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Breeding objectives were developed for meat sheep in smallholder production circumstances in the tropics. The traits considered were litter size, lambing frequency, pre-weaning, and post-weaning lamb survival to 12 months, ewe survival, lamb live weight at 12-month, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake. Three evaluation situations were considered: (i) base with constant number of ewes, (ii) fixed feed resource and (iii) setting feed costs to zero. Sensitivity analysis of economic values to price levels of inputs and meat production was carried out. The fixed feed resource situation appropriately describes smallholder production circumstances. In the base situation, meat production accounted for about 88% of revenue and manure the remaining 12%. Variable costs represented about 95% of the total cost. For the fixed feed resource situation, economic values (US$ per ewe per year) were 12.94 for litter size, 10.18 for lambing frequency, 0.19 for pre-weaning lamb survival, 0.24 for post-weaning lamb survival, 0.36 for ewe survival, 1.02 for 12-month lamb live weight, 0.14 for mature ewe live weight, 0.51 for consumable meat, 0.08 for kg of manure DM sold (per ewe per year) and −0.04 for residual DM feed intake. Litter size and lambing frequency were the most important traits in a breeding objective for smallholder production. Relative to the base situation, setting feed costs to zero had similar results as the situation with restricted feed resource but resulted in larger differences. Sensitivity analysis of economic weights to changes in prices and production circumstances indicated that future economic values for traits might change dependent on levels of output and prices. The exceptions, with regard to changes in meat price are kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake, and with regard to feed costs are consumable meat and kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year. Economic values for 12-month lamb live weight, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake were not sensitive to changes in management and marketing circumstances. Caution is recommended when the breeding objectives presented here are applied not to disadvantage smallholders in poor climatic years, when farmers are at their most vulnerable situation.
Keywords: Breeding objectives; Economic values; Sheep; Smallholder farmers; Tropics

Economic values for traits of meat sheep in medium to high production potential areas of the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van Arendonk, Johan AM; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Effects of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth of young Spanish goats - T Wuliji; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; S Soto-Navarro; R.C Merkel; G Detweiler; T Gipson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Spanish wether and doeling kids (4.5 months of age; 13.4kg initial BW) were used to determine influences of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth. The experiment consisted of two 9-week periods. Diets were low quality forage (L, prairie hay supplemented with soybean meal), high quality forage (H, dehydrated alfalfa pellets) and 70% concentrate (C). Kids on two treatments consumed L in Period 1, with half switched to C and half to H in Period 2 (LC and LH, respectively). The CC treatment entailed C consumption in both periods, and HH kids were fed H in both periods. For HC, H was fed in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2. DM intake ranked (P<0.05) LC and LH<CC<HC and HH in Period 1 (502, 352, 386, 610 and 636 g per day) and CC and LC<LH, HC and HH in Period 2 (652, 621, 833, 808 and 836 g per day for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). ADG was lowest among treatments (P<0.05) for LC and LH in Period 1 (78, 1, -1, 84 and 80 g per day) and was 53, 82, 112, 92 and 73 g per day in Period 2 for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively (S.E. = 11). Empty body fat concentration at the end of Period 1 was greatest for the C diet and lowest for L (P<0.05; 12.2, 6.4 and 9.0% for C, L and H, respectively), and protein concentration was greatest among treatments (P<0.05) for L (16.8, 20.1 and 18.1% for C, L and H, respectively). At the end of Period 2, empty body fat concentration was 22.0, 15.9, 14.4, 20.1 and 15.2% (S.E.=1.94), and protein concentration was 16.8, 16.9, 17.9, 16.5 and 17.6% (S.E.=0.35) for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). In summary, kids on the L diet in Period 1 mobilized fat to accrete a small amount of protein. Continuous consumption of C resulted in high fat accretion relative to H in both periods. Consumption of H in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2 resulted in growth characteristics slightly different from those with continual intake of C, with a lower concentration of protein in accreted tissue for HC. The diet in Period 2 for kids previously consuming L did not markedly affect tissue accretion. In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed by young Spanish goats can impact current and subsequent rate and composition of BW gain.
Keywords: Diet quality; Goats; Growth

Effects of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth of young Spanish goats - T Wuliji; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; S Soto-Navarro; R.C Merkel; G Detweiler; T Gipson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Spanish wether and doeling kids (4.5 months of age; 13.4kg initial BW) were used to determine influences of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth. The experiment consisted of two 9-week periods. Diets were low quality forage (L, prairie hay supplemented with soybean meal), high quality forage (H, dehydrated alfalfa pellets) and 70% concentrate (C). Kids on two treatments consumed L in Period 1, with half switched to C and half to H in Period 2 (LC and LH, respectively). The CC treatment entailed C consumption in both periods, and HH kids were fed H in both periods. For HC, H was fed in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2. DM intake ranked (P<0.05) LC and LH<CC<HC and HH in Period 1 (502, 352, 386, 610 and 636 g per day) and CC and LC<LH, HC and HH in Period 2 (652, 621, 833, 808 and 836 g per day for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). ADG was lowest among treatments (P<0.05) for LC and LH in Period 1 (78, 1, −1, 84 and 80 g per day) and was 53, 82, 112, 92 and 73 g per day in Period 2 for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively (S.E. = 11). Empty body fat concentration at the end of Period 1 was greatest for the C diet and lowest for L (P<0.05; 12.2, 6.4 and 9.0% for C, L and H, respectively), and protein concentration was greatest among treatments (P<0.05) for L (16.8, 20.1 and 18.1% for C, L and H, respectively). At the end of Period 2, empty body fat concentration was 22.0, 15.9, 14.4, 20.1 and 15.2% (S.E.=1.94), and protein concentration was 16.8, 16.9, 17.9, 16.5 and 17.6% (S.E.=0.35) for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). In summary, kids on the L diet in Period 1 mobilized fat to accrete a small amount of protein. Continuous consumption of C resulted in high fat accretion relative to H in both periods. Consumption of H in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2 resulted in growth characteristics slightly different from those with continual intake of C, with a lower concentration of protein in accreted tissue for HC. The diet in Period 2 for kids previously consuming L did not markedly affect tissue accretion. In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed by young Spanish goats can impact current and subsequent rate and composition of BW gain.
Keywords: Diet quality; Goats; Growth

Effects of dosage of FSH, vehicle and time of treatment on ovulation rate and prolificacy in ewes during the anestrous season - M. Knights; Q.S. Baptiste; A.B. Dixon; J.L. Pate; D.J. Marsh; E.K. Inskeep; P.E. Lewis (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The effects of dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), vehicle and time of injection on ovulation rate and prolificacy were evaluated during the anestrous season. Ewes on four farms (n=445) were treated with a CIDR-G® device for 5 days and exposed to rams upon removal of the insert (CRRI, day 0). A 3×2×2 factorial arrangement tested effects of dosage of FSH (Folltropin®; 0, 42 or 68mg NIH-FSH-P1), vehicle (saline:propylene glycol 1:4, v/v [PGL], or 50% polyvinylpyrrolidone K 29–32 [PVP]) and time of injection (12 or 36h before CRRI). Follicular growth was monitored by ultrasonography in four ewes per treatment at injection of FSH, at CRRI, and on days 1–3 post-CRRI. All ewes were examined by ultrasonography on days 10–14 for ovulation rate, and on days 26–31 and 46–51 for pregnancy and number of embryos. The largest follicle (F1) increased in diameter (mm) between FSH injection (5.3±0.1) and day 1 (6.1±0.1; P<0.01). The F1 was larger at CRRI (P<=0.05) in ewes receiving 42 than 0mg FSH, and 68 than 42mg FSH. The F2 increased in diameter (P<0.05) from FSH injection (4.7±0.2) to CRRI (5.2±0.2) and to day 1 (5.8±0.2), but was not affected by treatment. Number of small follicles (<=4mm) did not differ with time or treatment. Number of medium follicles (5mm) declined (P<0.05) between FSH (1.5±0.2) and days 1 (0.8±0.2), 2 (0.9±0.2), and 3 (0.5±0.2). Number of large follicles (>=6mm) increased from FSH (0.6±0.3) to CRRI (1.4±0.3; P<0.05), and day 1 (2.3±0.3; P<0.05), then declined by day 3 (0.6±0.3; P<0.05). There were more large follicles at CRRI (P<0.05) with 68mg (2.1±0.3) or 42mg (1.6±0.2) than 0mg (0.5±0.4) FSH. Ovulation rate (mean 2.12±0.05) increased with FSH given 12h, but not 36h before CRRI (dosage × time, P<0.05). Estrous response, conception rate, percentage of ewes lambing or prolificacy did not differ. However, number of corpora lutea not represented by embryos increased with dosage of FSH (P<0.01; 0.25±0.14, 0.55±0.09, 0.71±0.09 for ewes treated with 0, 42, and 68mg FSH, respectively).
Keywords: Anestrus; Ewes; Follicle stimulating hormone; Follicular dynamics; Ovulation rate; Progesterone; Prolificacy

Effects of dosage of FSH, vehicle and time of treatment on ovulation rate and prolificacy in ewes during the anestrous season - M. Knights; Q.S. Baptiste; A.B. Dixon; J.L. Pate; D.J. Marsh; E.K. Inskeep; P.E. Lewis (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The effects of dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), vehicle and time of injection on ovulation rate and prolificacy were evaluated during the anestrous season. Ewes on four farms (n=445) were treated with a CIDR-G® device for 5 days and exposed to rams upon removal of the insert (CRRI, day 0). A 3×2×2 factorial arrangement tested effects of dosage of FSH (Folltropin®; 0, 42 or 68mg NIH-FSH-P1), vehicle (saline:propylene glycol 1:4, v/v [PGL], or 50% polyvinylpyrrolidone K 29–32 [PVP]) and time of injection (12 or 36h before CRRI). Follicular growth was monitored by ultrasonography in four ewes per treatment at injection of FSH, at CRRI, and on days 1–3 post-CRRI. All ewes were examined by ultrasonography on days 10–14 for ovulation rate, and on days 26–31 and 46–51 for pregnancy and number of embryos. The largest follicle (F1) increased in diameter (mm) between FSH injection (5.3±0.1) and day 1 (6.1±0.1; P<0.01). The F1 was larger at CRRI (P≤0.05) in ewes receiving 42 than 0mg FSH, and 68 than 42mg FSH. The F2 increased in diameter (P<0.05) from FSH injection (4.7±0.2) to CRRI (5.2±0.2) and to day 1 (5.8±0.2), but was not affected by treatment. Number of small follicles (≤4mm) did not differ with time or treatment. Number of medium follicles (5mm) declined (P<0.05) between FSH (1.5±0.2) and days 1 (0.8±0.2), 2 (0.9±0.2), and 3 (0.5±0.2). Number of large follicles (≥6mm) increased from FSH (0.6±0.3) to CRRI (1.4±0.3; P<0.05), and day 1 (2.3±0.3; P<0.05), then declined by day 3 (0.6±0.3; P<0.05). There were more large follicles at CRRI (P<0.05) with 68mg (2.1±0.3) or 42mg (1.6±0.2) than 0mg (0.5±0.4) FSH. Ovulation rate (mean 2.12±0.05) increased with FSH given 12h, but not 36h before CRRI (dosage × time, P<0.05). Estrous response, conception rate, percentage of ewes lambing or prolificacy did not differ. However, number of corpora lutea not represented by embryos increased with dosage of FSH (P<0.01; 0.25±0.14, 0.55±0.09, 0.71±0.09 for ewes treated with 0, 42, and 68mg FSH, respectively).
Keywords: Anestrus; Ewes; Follicle stimulating hormone; Follicular dynamics; Ovulation rate; Progesterone; Prolificacy

Effects of gastrointestinal helminth infections and plane of nutrition on the health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf × Sahelian) goat crosses in The Gambia - D. Faye; S. Leak; S. Nouala; A. Fall; B. Losson; S. Geerts (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A two by two factorial design including natural helminth infections (dewormed ‘D’ or not dewormed ‘ND’) and different levels of diet (basal ‘B’ or basal diet plus supplement ‘S’) was used to assess the effect of helminth infections and plane of nutrition on health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf (WAD) × Sahelian) crosses. The pasture composed the basal diet and supplemented animals received cottonseed and rice bran. Feed composition analysis revealed that the pasture did not provide sufficient nutrients for reproduction requirements. Feed supplementation had a significant effect on weight gain of does during pregnancy and lactation, and milk off-take was significantly higher in supplemented does compared to non-supplemented ones (31.3±2.5l versus 17.7±2.5l respectively, P<0.01). A peri-parturient rise in strongyle egg output was noted, and diet supplementation tended to reduce faecal egg count and to increase packed cell volume (PCV), mainly during the dry season. Deworming had a significant effect on red blood cell (RBC) count, PCV and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mainly during the period of peak strongyle egg output (season × deworming: P<0.001 for RBC and PCV and P<0.05 for Hb). Helminth infections combined with a basal diet seriously affected weight gain but the interaction of deworming and diet was not significant. In groups receiving the basal diet, dewormed animals had a significantly higher milk yield than those that were not dewormed (23.5±3.3l versus 12.0±3.7l, respectively; interaction diet × deworming: P<0.05). The higher daily weight gains of offspring born from dewormed does might be explained by the fact that, in addition to the effect of deworming on milk yield in animals receiving basal diet, the kids were less exposed to helminth eggs, whereas does that were not dewormed constituted a greater source of helminth infection for their kids.
Keywords: F1 crosses; Goats; Helminths; Nutrition; Productivity; Sahelian; West African Dwarf

Effects of gastrointestinal helminth infections and plane of nutrition on the health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf × Sahelian) goat crosses in The Gambia - D. Faye; S. Leak; S. Nouala; A. Fall; B. Losson; S. Geerts (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A two by two factorial design including natural helminth infections (dewormed ‘D’ or not dewormed ‘ND’) and different levels of diet (basal ‘B’ or basal diet plus supplement ‘S’) was used to assess the effect of helminth infections and plane of nutrition on health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf (WAD) × Sahelian) crosses. The pasture composed the basal diet and supplemented animals received cottonseed and rice bran. Feed composition analysis revealed that the pasture did not provide sufficient nutrients for reproduction requirements. Feed supplementation had a significant effect on weight gain of does during pregnancy and lactation, and milk off-take was significantly higher in supplemented does compared to non-supplemented ones (31.3±2.5l versus 17.7±2.5l respectively, P<0.01). A peri-parturient rise in strongyle egg output was noted, and diet supplementation tended to reduce faecal egg count and to increase packed cell volume (PCV), mainly during the dry season. Deworming had a significant effect on red blood cell (RBC) count, PCV and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mainly during the period of peak strongyle egg output (season × deworming: P<0.001 for RBC and PCV and P<0.05 for Hb). Helminth infections combined with a basal diet seriously affected weight gain but the interaction of deworming and diet was not significant. In groups receiving the basal diet, dewormed animals had a significantly higher milk yield than those that were not dewormed (23.5±3.3l versus 12.0±3.7l, respectively; interaction diet × deworming: P<0.05). The higher daily weight gains of offspring born from dewormed does might be explained by the fact that, in addition to the effect of deworming on milk yield in animals receiving basal diet, the kids were less exposed to helminth eggs, whereas does that were not dewormed constituted a greater source of helminth infection for their kids.
Keywords: F1 crosses; Goats; Helminths; Nutrition; Productivity; Sahelian; West African Dwarf

Effects of ruminally degraded nitrogen source and level in a high concentrate diet on site of digestion in yearling Boer × Spanish wether goats - S.A. Soto-Navarro; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; L.J. Dawson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight yearling Boer×Spanish wether goats (36.6±2.3kg average initial BW) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in an experiment with two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares to study effects of dietary level of CP, the ratio of ruminally degraded intake N or protein (DIP) to TDN and source of supplemental DIP on site of digestion with a high concentrate diet. Diets were formulated to be (DM basis) 9.2% CP, without inclusion of urea (U0) or soybean meal (SBM; S0); 11.3%, CP achieved with 0.73% urea (U1) or 4.48% SBM (S1); 13.3% CP, via use of 1.46% urea (U2) or 8.90% SBM (S2); or 15.2% CP, derived through use of 2.16% urea (U3) or 13.2% SBM (S3). The ratio of DIP:TDN was 0.073, 0.104, 0.136, 0.167, 0.073, 0.093, 0.113 and 0.132 for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively. Diets contained 30% cottonseed hulls and were corn-based and fed at 2% BW (DM basis). Apparent ruminal N digestibility increased quadratically as level of supplemental CP rose (-71.6, -39.9, -20.5, 8.5, -60.3, -12.5, -8.4 and -3.5% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively; S.E.=6.6). Microbial OM and N flows to duodenum decreased linearly as CP level increased. Ruminal and total tract NDF digestibilities (e.g. total tract: 51.3, 57.6, 57.7, 57.4, 49.7, 52.3, 53.2 and 53.2% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively) increased linearly and tended to change quadratically as CP level increased. In conclusion, a dietary CP concentration of 11–13% and DIP:TDN ratio of 0.10–0.11 were adequate for maximal total tract OM digestibility in meat goats consuming a corn-based, high concentrate diet, regardless of supplementation with a source of non-protein versus natural protein, although magnitudes of difference in digestibility with lower levels were not marked. A dietary CP concentration of 9–10% and ratio of DIP to TDN of 0.073 were sufficient for highest microbial protein production. With ample tissue N reserves, the ability of meat goats to recycle N may preclude realization of substantial benefits from supplementing high concentrate diets around 9% CP with additional DIP, and high concentrate diets appear to satisfy microbial needs for non-ammonia nitrogenous compounds.
Keywords: Goats; Ruminally degraded N; Soybean meal; Urea

Effects of ruminally degraded nitrogen source and level in a high concentrate diet on site of digestion in yearling Boer × Spanish wether goats - S.A. Soto-Navarro; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; L.J. Dawson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight yearling Boer×Spanish wether goats (36.6±2.3kg average initial BW) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in an experiment with two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares to study effects of dietary level of CP, the ratio of ruminally degraded intake N or protein (DIP) to TDN and source of supplemental DIP on site of digestion with a high concentrate diet. Diets were formulated to be (DM basis) 9.2% CP, without inclusion of urea (U0) or soybean meal (SBM; S0); 11.3%, CP achieved with 0.73% urea (U1) or 4.48% SBM (S1); 13.3% CP, via use of 1.46% urea (U2) or 8.90% SBM (S2); or 15.2% CP, derived through use of 2.16% urea (U3) or 13.2% SBM (S3). The ratio of DIP:TDN was 0.073, 0.104, 0.136, 0.167, 0.073, 0.093, 0.113 and 0.132 for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively. Diets contained 30% cottonseed hulls and were corn-based and fed at 2% BW (DM basis). Apparent ruminal N digestibility increased quadratically as level of supplemental CP rose (−71.6, −39.9, −20.5, 8.5, −60.3, −12.5, −8.4 and −3.5% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively; S.E.=6.6). Microbial OM and N flows to duodenum decreased linearly as CP level increased. Ruminal and total tract NDF digestibilities (e.g. total tract: 51.3, 57.6, 57.7, 57.4, 49.7, 52.3, 53.2 and 53.2% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively) increased linearly and tended to change quadratically as CP level increased. In conclusion, a dietary CP concentration of 11–13% and DIP:TDN ratio of 0.10–0.11 were adequate for maximal total tract OM digestibility in meat goats consuming a corn-based, high concentrate diet, regardless of supplementation with a source of non-protein versus natural protein, although magnitudes of difference in digestibility with lower levels were not marked. A dietary CP concentration of 9–10% and ratio of DIP to TDN of 0.073 were sufficient for highest microbial protein production. With ample tissue N reserves, the ability of meat goats to recycle N may preclude realization of substantial benefits from supplementing high concentrate diets around 9% CP with additional DIP, and high concentrate diets appear to satisfy microbial needs for non-ammonia nitrogenous compounds.
Keywords: Goats; Ruminally degraded N; Soybean meal; Urea

Effects of supplementation of grass hay with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial nitrogen supply in rams - Yoseph Mekasha; Azage Tegegne; Alemu Yami; N.N. Umunna; I.V. Nsahlai (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Effect of supplementation with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation pattern and microbial nitrogen supply was studied in sheep fed grass hay for 9 days. Diets consisted of hay alone (control); hay supplemented with tela atella (traditional brewery residue); katikala atella (liquor residue); lentil hull; rough pea hull and field pea hull. Thirty indigenous rams weighing 22.6±0.97kg, were stratified into weight groups and randomly assigned to dietary treatments independently. Supplementation reduced (P<0.05) rumen pH, but improved (P<0.001) rumen ammonia, total VFA, microbial nitrogen supply (P<0.01) and microbial efficiency (P<0.05). Supplement types did not affect (P>0.05) rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen supply, but showed difference (P<0.001) for propionate and butyrate concentrations. Type of atella supplements showed variation, whereby rumen pH was low (P<0.05), but rumen ammonia, VFA, molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were high (P<0.001) for katikala atella compared to tela atella. Lentil hull had higher (P<0.01) rumen ammonia concentration, microbial nitrogen supply and microbial efficiency than other pulse hull supplements. It was concluded that both atella and pulse hulls have potential as supplements for ruminants. More specifically lentil hull and katikala atella seemed to be superior in their diverse nutritive characteristics among the supplements studied.
Keywords: Attela; Microbial protein; Pulse hulls; Rumen fermentation

Effects of supplementation of grass hay with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial nitrogen supply in rams - Yoseph Mekasha; Azage Tegegne; Alemu Yami; N.N. Umunna; I.V. Nsahlai (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Effect of supplementation with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation pattern and microbial nitrogen supply was studied in sheep fed grass hay for 9 days. Diets consisted of hay alone (control); hay supplemented with tela atella (traditional brewery residue); katikala atella (liquor residue); lentil hull; rough pea hull and field pea hull. Thirty indigenous rams weighing 22.6±0.97kg, were stratified into weight groups and randomly assigned to dietary treatments independently. Supplementation reduced (P<0.05) rumen pH, but improved (P<0.001) rumen ammonia, total VFA, microbial nitrogen supply (P<0.01) and microbial efficiency (P<0.05). Supplement types did not affect (P>0.05) rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen supply, but showed difference (P<0.001) for propionate and butyrate concentrations. Type of atella supplements showed variation, whereby rumen pH was low (P<0.05), but rumen ammonia, VFA, molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were high (P<0.001) for katikala atella compared to tela atella. Lentil hull had higher (P<0.01) rumen ammonia concentration, microbial nitrogen supply and microbial efficiency than other pulse hull supplements. It was concluded that both atella and pulse hulls have potential as supplements for ruminants. More specifically lentil hull and katikala atella seemed to be superior in their diverse nutritive characteristics among the supplements studied.
Keywords: Attela; Microbial protein; Pulse hulls; Rumen fermentation

Emerging Solutions for Musical Arts Education in Africa - Isaac W. Shitubi (African minds. ISBN-1-920051-11-2, 2003)

An epidemiological study on Babesia infection in small ruminants in Mashhad suburb, Khorasan province, Iran - G.R. Razmi; A. Naghibi; M.R. Aslani; K. Dastjerdi; H. Hossieni (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The prevalence of Babesia infection was studied in sheep and goats in Mashhad area from 1998 to 2000. A total of 391 sheep and 385 goats from 77 flocks were clinically examined for the presence of Babesia blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. The study revealed that 26.1% of sheep and 14.8% of goats were infected with Babesia. The prevalence of Babesia ovis and Babesia motasi in sheep and goats were 23.5%, 0.5% and 14%, 0.5%, respectively. Double (mixed) infections occurred in 10 sheep (2.5%) and 1 goat (0.25%). The prevalence of Babesia infection between male and female and between different age groups of sheep and goats were statistically non-significant. Seasonally, the prevalence of Babesia infection in sheep reached highest level in August (56%), while a decrease was observed in September reaching the lowest level In February and March. The monthly prevalence of Babesia in goats was not significant. The clinical signs of Babesiosis were observed in 8% of infected sheep and 6.8% of infected goats. The percentage of infected sheep with higher parasitemia was more than infected goats. In this study, five ixodid species were collected from sheep and goats. The Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma marginatum, were the most common species in sheep and goats. Other tick species encountered were Dermacentor daghestanicus in goats and Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma asiaticum in sheep. The attachment sites of R. sanguineus and H. marginatum, H. anatolicum were around the anus, but D. daghestanicus was in the shoulder region.
Keywords: epidemiology; Goat; Sheep; Tick

An epidemiological study on Babesia infection in small ruminants in Mashhad suburb, Khorasan province, Iran - G.R. Razmi; A. Naghibi; M.R. Aslani; K. Dastjerdi; H. Hossieni (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The prevalence of Babesia infection was studied in sheep and goats in Mashhad area from 1998 to 2000. A total of 391 sheep and 385 goats from 77 flocks were clinically examined for the presence of Babesia blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. The study revealed that 26.1% of sheep and 14.8% of goats were infected with Babesia. The prevalence of Babesia ovis and Babesia motasi in sheep and goats were 23.5%, 0.5% and 14%, 0.5%, respectively. Double (mixed) infections occurred in 10 sheep (2.5%) and 1 goat (0.25%). The prevalence of Babesia infection between male and female and between different age groups of sheep and goats were statistically non-significant. Seasonally, the prevalence of Babesia infection in sheep reached highest level in August (56%), while a decrease was observed in September reaching the lowest level In February and March. The monthly prevalence of Babesia in goats was not significant. The clinical signs of Babesiosis were observed in 8% of infected sheep and 6.8% of infected goats. The percentage of infected sheep with higher parasitemia was more than infected goats. In this study, five ixodid species were collected from sheep and goats. The Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma marginatum, were the most common species in sheep and goats. Other tick species encountered were Dermacentor daghestanicus in goats and Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma asiaticum in sheep. The attachment sites of R. sanguineus and H. marginatum, H. anatolicum were around the anus, but D. daghestanicus was in the shoulder region.
Keywords: epidemiology; Goat; Sheep; Tick

An evaluation of the special schools' curriculum for students with mental retardation in Kenya - Syomwene, A.; Kitainge, K. M. (First international conference on cognition, language and special education Research: Reimagining Practice - researching change, 2003)

External Influence on the Litungu Traditional Popular Music of the Luhya in Kenya. - Isaac W. Shitubi (Pan African Society for Musical Arts Education in Africa held Kisumu Kenya, 2003)

Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs immunized against recombinant LHRH fusion proteins at 10 weeks of age - Hasan Ülker; Özdal Gökdal; Turgut Aygün; Ferda Karakuş; David M. DeAvila; Jerry J. Reeves (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Body growth, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs (n=16) immunized against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 10 weeks of age with recombinant LHRH fusion proteins were investigated. Recombinant fusion proteins, ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 were produced using recombinant DNA technology. Animals were immunized (n=8) against LHRH with ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 recombinant protein mixture in the Freund’s complete adjuvant. The immunization group received two booster injections 4 and 8 weeks later, with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Animals in control group (n=8) were not treated. Animals were kept at relatively poor pasture until 27 weeks of age. This was followed by a 70 days finishing period that involved housing in groups and ad libitum feeding with concentrate. Carcasses were evaluated after chilling for 24h at +4°C. Live weights, finishing weight, weight gain and average daily weight gain were similar between groups (P>0.05). Carcass measurements, loin eye muscle area and back fat thickness were not affected from immunization. Immunization did not affect hot and cold carcass weights, dressing percentage, offal items and wholesale cuts weights. Immunized animals had smaller testis, chop and bone weights than control animals (P<0.05). It was concluded that immunological castration could be achieved at 10 weeks of age in ram lambs using new recombinant LHRH fusion proteins and used in finishing programs without adverse effect on growth rate, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these proteins should be further evaluated with more animals.
Keywords: Carcass traits; Feedlot performance; Immunocastration; Ram lambs; Recombinant protein

Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs immunized against recombinant LHRH fusion proteins at 10 weeks of age - Hasan Ülker; Özdal Gökdal; Turgut Aygün; Ferda Karakuş; David M. DeAvila; Jerry J. Reeves (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Body growth, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs (n=16) immunized against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 10 weeks of age with recombinant LHRH fusion proteins were investigated. Recombinant fusion proteins, ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 were produced using recombinant DNA technology. Animals were immunized (n=8) against LHRH with ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 recombinant protein mixture in the Freund’s complete adjuvant. The immunization group received two booster injections 4 and 8 weeks later, with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Animals in control group (n=8) were not treated. Animals were kept at relatively poor pasture until 27 weeks of age. This was followed by a 70 days finishing period that involved housing in groups and ad libitum feeding with concentrate. Carcasses were evaluated after chilling for 24h at +4°C. Live weights, finishing weight, weight gain and average daily weight gain were similar between groups (P>0.05). Carcass measurements, loin eye muscle area and back fat thickness were not affected from immunization. Immunization did not affect hot and cold carcass weights, dressing percentage, offal items and wholesale cuts weights. Immunized animals had smaller testis, chop and bone weights than control animals (P<0.05). It was concluded that immunological castration could be achieved at 10 weeks of age in ram lambs using new recombinant LHRH fusion proteins and used in finishing programs without adverse effect on growth rate, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these proteins should be further evaluated with more animals.
Keywords: Carcass traits; Feedlot performance; Immunocastration; Ram lambs; Recombinant protein

Full-title (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Gastro-intenstinal tract perforation in neonates - R T Kuremu; G P Hadley; Wiersma, R (East African medical journal, 2003)

Gastro-intestinal Tract Perforation in Neonates in KwaZulu-Natal - Kuremu, R Tenge (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2003)

Gender relations and sexual activity among the Youth and the role of the Church in Kenya: A case study of Uasin Gishu District - Karanja, Eunice Kamaara (Moi University, 2003)

Guidelines for Adolescent Health Research - Santelli, J.; Rogers, A.; Rosenfeld, W.; DuRant, R.; Dubler, N.; Morreale, M. (J Adolesc Heal, 2003)

Health and nutritional status of orphans <6 years old cared for by relatives in western Kenya - Lindblade, K. A.; Odhiambo, F.; Rosen, D. H.; DeCock, K. M. (Trop Med Int Health, 2003)

HIV incidence among street youth in Montreal, Canada - Roy, E.; Haley, N.; Leclerc, P.; Cedras, L.; Weber, A. E. (AIDS, 2003)

Humoral and cellular response in lambs vaccinated against Haemonchus contortus with p26/23 - I.A Domı́nguez-Toraño; F.J Fernández-Pérez; M.T Gómez-Muñoz; J.M Alunda; M Cuquerella (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Antigen recognition patterns (Western blotting) and lymphoproliferative response (local and peripheral) have been determined in lambs immunised and partially protected against haemonchosis with p26/23, a purified somatic fraction of Haemonchus contortus. Immunoprotective response induced by p26/23 was accompanied by both specific lymphoproliferative response and serum anti-Haemonchus antibodies. Western blotting showed an extensive reactivity of sera from p26/23 vaccinated lambs with peptides from adult soluble extract of the parasite at 23–26, 34–55, 55 and 65kDa levels. Immunised lambs exhibited, after challenge, significantly higher lymphoproliferative responses (systemic and local) than all other animals groups (unvaccinated, adjuvant control animals, uninfected lambs). Challenge infection was accompanied by significant weight increases of abomasal lymph nodes; in addition specific peripheral and abomasal cell responses were correlated.
Keywords: Cellular response; ELISA; Lambs; Vaccination

Humoral and cellular response in lambs vaccinated against Haemonchus contortus with p26/23 - I.A Domı́nguez-Toraño; F.J Fernández-Pérez; M.T Gómez-Muñoz; J.M Alunda; M Cuquerella (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Antigen recognition patterns (Western blotting) and lymphoproliferative response (local and peripheral) have been determined in lambs immunised and partially protected against haemonchosis with p26/23, a purified somatic fraction of Haemonchus contortus. Immunoprotective response induced by p26/23 was accompanied by both specific lymphoproliferative response and serum anti-Haemonchus antibodies. Western blotting showed an extensive reactivity of sera from p26/23 vaccinated lambs with peptides from adult soluble extract of the parasite at 23–26, 34–55, 55 and 65kDa levels. Immunised lambs exhibited, after challenge, significantly higher lymphoproliferative responses (systemic and local) than all other animals groups (unvaccinated, adjuvant control animals, uninfected lambs). Challenge infection was accompanied by significant weight increases of abomasal lymph nodes; in addition specific peripheral and abomasal cell responses were correlated.
Keywords: Cellular response; ELISA; Lambs; Vaccination

Influence of transforming growth factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-II, epidermal growth factor or follicle stimulating hormone on in vitro development of preantral follicles in sheep - N.C. Hemamalini; B.S. Rao; G. Tamilmani; D. Amarnath; R. Vagdevi; K.S. Naidu; K.K. Reddy; V.H. Rao (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
In an attempt to identify factor(s) that influence in vitro development of preantral follicles (PFs) in sheep, small (40–60μm in diameter) and large (61–100μm in diameter) PFs were cultured for 6 days in tissue culture medium (TCM 199) supplemented with transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Increase in follicle diameter, oocyte diameter, induction of new DNA synthesis in the follicular cells and increase in number of follicular cells per follicle were measured as the indicators of development. Only EGF supplemented medium increased the follicle diameter, number of follicular cells and also induced intense DNA synthesis in both small and large PFs. TGF-α, IGF-II and FSH on the other hand were able to stimulate intense DNA synthesis only in large PFs. None of the supplemented media caused an increase in oocyte diameter. It is proposed that EGF stimulates the development of preantral follicles of sheep up to 100μm in diameter.
Keywords: Growth factors; In vitro culture; Preantral follicles; Sheep

Influence of transforming growth factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-II, epidermal growth factor or follicle stimulating hormone on in vitro development of preantral follicles in sheep - N.C. Hemamalini; B.S. Rao; G. Tamilmani; D. Amarnath; R. Vagdevi; K.S. Naidu; K.K. Reddy; V.H. Rao (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
In an attempt to identify factor(s) that influence in vitro development of preantral follicles (PFs) in sheep, small (40–60μm in diameter) and large (61–100μm in diameter) PFs were cultured for 6 days in tissue culture medium (TCM 199) supplemented with transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Increase in follicle diameter, oocyte diameter, induction of new DNA synthesis in the follicular cells and increase in number of follicular cells per follicle were measured as the indicators of development. Only EGF supplemented medium increased the follicle diameter, number of follicular cells and also induced intense DNA synthesis in both small and large PFs. TGF-α, IGF-II and FSH on the other hand were able to stimulate intense DNA synthesis only in large PFs. None of the supplemented media caused an increase in oocyte diameter. It is proposed that EGF stimulates the development of preantral follicles of sheep up to 100μm in diameter.
Keywords: Growth factors; In vitro culture; Preantral follicles; Sheep

Keynote Lectures - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Kiswahili fasaha: kitabu cha mwanafunzi. Kidato cha kwanza - Waititu, Francis; Ipara, Isaac; Okaalo. Bilha O. (Oxford University Press, 2003)

Kiswahili fasaha: mwongozo wa mwalimu. Kidato cha kwanza - Waititu, Francis G; Ipara, Isaac; Okaalo, Bilha O (Oxford University Press, 2003)

Kiswahili sanifu: kitabu cha mwanafunzi - Bakhressa, Salim Khamis; Islam, Islam K; Waititu, Francis G (Oxford University Press, 2003)

La Question Asiatique: Peter Nazareth et Moyez Vassanji, Deux Romanciers en Exil - Peter Simatei (Notre Librarie: Revue des Litteratures du Sud., 2003)

Linguistic effects of English on Luyia languages - Kisembe, Lynn (Estudios de Lingü{\'ıstica Aplicada, 2003)

Maasai commu nity wild life sanc tu aries in Tsavo-Amboseli, Kenya - Moses Okello; Seno, S Ole; Bobby Wishitemi (Parks, 2003)

Making choices in health: WHO guide to cost-effectiveness analysis (World Health Organization, 2003)

Modeling of ultra-widely tunable vertical cavity air-gap filters and VCSELs - Prott, Cornelia; Romer, Friedhard; Ataro, Edwin O; Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Tarraf, Amer; Hillmer, Hartmut (IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, 2003)

Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? - Paul Wambua; Jan Ivens; Ignaas Verpoest (Composites Science and Technology, 2003)
In this work, natural fibres (sisal, kenaf, hemp, jute and coir) reinforced polypropylene composites were processed by compression moulding using a film stacking method. The mechanical properties of the different natural fibre composites were tested and compared. A further comparison was made with the corresponding properties of glass mat reinforced polypropylene composites from the open literature. Kenaf, hemp and sisal composites showed comparable tensile strength and modulus results but in impact properties hemp appears to out-perform kenaf. The tensile modulus, impact strength and the ultimate tensile stress of kenaf reinforced polypropylene composites were found to increase with increasing fibre weight fraction. Coir fibre composites displayed the lowest mechanical properties, but their impact strength was higher than that of jute and kenaf composites. In most cases the specific properties of the natural fibre composites were found to compare favourably with those of glass.
Keywords: A. Glass fibres; B. Interfacial strength; B. Mechanical properties; Natural fibres

Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? - Paul Wambua; Jan Ivens; Ignaas Verpoest (Composites science and technology, 2003)

New rearing systems for Tuj (Tushin) lambs - M. Saatci; S. Yildiz; I. Kaya (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Traditional rearing system based on pasture and hay supplementation was compared with rearing systems based on supplementation of barley based concentrate on Tuj lambs. Male Tuj lambs (n=18) were used in three groups with six lambs in each group. Group T was a control managed as a traditional system with grazing and hay as the main feed sources. In Group TC, lambs were separated from the main flock once a day and offered 500g concentrate per animal. Lambs in Group C were also separated from the main flock and fed 175g per day per animal hay and 1kg per day per animal concentrate. At the end of a 150 days experimental period, lambs were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated. Liveweights of Groups T, TC and C were 36.4, 38.2 and 41.3kg, respectively, and cold carcass weights were 17.1, 18.1 and 19.7kg, respectively (P<0.05). The results suggest that liveweight and carcass weight can be improved by supplementary feeding of lambs. Economic aspects of concentrate usage were also evaluated. It was concluded that feeding animals with barley based concentrate instead of hay is profitable for breeders.
Keywords: Carcass; Growth; Rearing system; Tuj lambs

New rearing systems for Tuj (Tushin) lambs - M. Saatci; S. Yildiz; I. Kaya (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Traditional rearing system based on pasture and hay supplementation was compared with rearing systems based on supplementation of barley based concentrate on Tuj lambs. Male Tuj lambs (n=18) were used in three groups with six lambs in each group. Group T was a control managed as a traditional system with grazing and hay as the main feed sources. In Group TC, lambs were separated from the main flock once a day and offered 500g concentrate per animal. Lambs in Group C were also separated from the main flock and fed 175g per day per animal hay and 1kg per day per animal concentrate. At the end of a 150 days experimental period, lambs were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated. Liveweights of Groups T, TC and C were 36.4, 38.2 and 41.3kg, respectively, and cold carcass weights were 17.1, 18.1 and 19.7kg, respectively (P<0.05). The results suggest that liveweight and carcass weight can be improved by supplementary feeding of lambs. Economic aspects of concentrate usage were also evaluated. It was concluded that feeding animals with barley based concentrate instead of hay is profitable for breeders.
Keywords: Carcass; Growth; Rearing system; Tuj lambs

Obstacles to utilization of information held by archival institutions: a review of literature - Kemoni, Henry N; Wamukoya, Justus; Kiplang’at, Joseph (Records Management Journal, 2003)

The Official FENS Calendar - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Ontogenesis of peptide transport and morphological changes in the ovine gastrointestinal tract - C.A. Poole; E.A. Wong; A.P. McElroy; H.P. Veit; K.E. Webb (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to examine developmental and dietary regulation of the potential for peptide transport via PepT1 and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of lambs. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments with four blocks was created based upon gender, birth type (single or twin), birth weight, birth date, and breeding with 32 cross-bred lambs. Lambs were randomly allotted at birth to receive or not to receive a creep diet and all lambs were allowed to nurse. Sampling times of 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks were randomly allotted to lambs. Samples for RNA extraction and histological evaluation were taken from the dorsal rumen, ventral rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The DMI was similar for ewes nursing lambs that had or did not have access to creep feed (2,630 and 2, 574gh−1 per day, respectively). Lambs with access to creep feed consumed DM at the rate of 2, 22, 129, 219, and 227gh−1 per day, respectively when they were approximately 12, 13, 20, 38, and 52 days of age. Cumulative weight gain was similar for both groups of lambs and increased linearly (P<0.001) with age. Villi were about 7% shorter (P<0.09) in lambs receiving creep feed. Papillary height and width increased linearly (P<0.01) with age. In the stomach, total and keratinized epithelial cells decreased (P<0.03 and <0.01, respectively) with age and were fewer (P<0.01) in lambs receiving creep feed. Even with the modest intakes observed in this study, creep feeding appeared to slightly alter the mucosal structure of the small intestine and was advantageous in that it stimulated papillae growth, thus predisposing the rumen for the introduction of feed into the diet. A 2.8kb oPepT1 mRNA was present in all tissues studied by 2 weeks and age did not significantly influence the abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the small intestine or stomach. Abundance of oPepT1 mRNA was greatest in the jejunum (P<0.01) of the small intestine and in the dorsal rumen (P<0.01) of the stomach. Lambs not receiving the creep diet had a greater (P<0.02) abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the rumen, particularly the dorsal rumen. Because no dry feed and little or no milk entered the rumen when no creep was fed, it is possible that a stimulus for development from the non-luminal direction, possibly blood-borne, may be involved in the ontogenesis of oPepT1. That PepT1 mRNA was present indicates that peptide transport occurs in the young lamb and the rumen and omasum appear to be involved in this process.
Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract; Lambs; mRNA; Ontogenesis; PepT1; Peptide; Transport

Ontogenesis of peptide transport and morphological changes in the ovine gastrointestinal tract - C.A. Poole; E.A. Wong; A.P. McElroy; H.P. Veit; K.E. Webb (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to examine developmental and dietary regulation of the potential for peptide transport via PepT1 and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of lambs. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments with four blocks was created based upon gender, birth type (single or twin), birth weight, birth date, and breeding with 32 cross-bred lambs. Lambs were randomly allotted at birth to receive or not to receive a creep diet and all lambs were allowed to nurse. Sampling times of 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks were randomly allotted to lambs. Samples for RNA extraction and histological evaluation were taken from the dorsal rumen, ventral rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The DMI was similar for ewes nursing lambs that had or did not have access to creep feed (2,630 and 2, 574gh-1 per day, respectively). Lambs with access to creep feed consumed DM at the rate of 2, 22, 129, 219, and 227gh-1 per day, respectively when they were approximately 12, 13, 20, 38, and 52 days of age. Cumulative weight gain was similar for both groups of lambs and increased linearly (P<0.001) with age. Villi were about 7% shorter (P<0.09) in lambs receiving creep feed. Papillary height and width increased linearly (P<0.01) with age. In the stomach, total and keratinized epithelial cells decreased (P<0.03 and <0.01, respectively) with age and were fewer (P<0.01) in lambs receiving creep feed. Even with the modest intakes observed in this study, creep feeding appeared to slightly alter the mucosal structure of the small intestine and was advantageous in that it stimulated papillae growth, thus predisposing the rumen for the introduction of feed into the diet. A 2.8kb oPepT1 mRNA was present in all tissues studied by 2 weeks and age did not significantly influence the abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the small intestine or stomach. Abundance of oPepT1 mRNA was greatest in the jejunum (P<0.01) of the small intestine and in the dorsal rumen (P<0.01) of the stomach. Lambs not receiving the creep diet had a greater (P<0.02) abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the rumen, particularly the dorsal rumen. Because no dry feed and little or no milk entered the rumen when no creep was fed, it is possible that a stimulus for development from the non-luminal direction, possibly blood-borne, may be involved in the ontogenesis of oPepT1. That PepT1 mRNA was present indicates that peptide transport occurs in the young lamb and the rumen and omasum appear to be involved in this process.
Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract; Lambs; mRNA; Ontogenesis; PepT1; Peptide; Transport

Ovulation in Jakhrana goats native to tropical climates - A.K. Goel; K.P. Agrawal (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Ovulation pattern (rate and time) of 35 adult (age: 2–3.5 years, average body weight: 25–36kg) normal cycling (nulliparous and parous) Jakhrana goats native to the semi-arid areas of India was investigated. Randomly selected goats (seven per group) were laparotomized 20, 28, 36, 48 and 54h following natural oestrus and were observed for the onset of ovulation, its sequence and rate. None of the goat ovulated 20h post-onset of natural oestrus. Ovulation occurred 28h post-onset of oestrus (towards the end of the oestrous period) in Jakhrana goats and reached to its peak at 36h of post-oestrus. No further increase in ovulation rate 48 to 54h post-oestrus was observed in this breed. Mean ovulation rate was 1.33±0.10 (range 1–2). Study concluded that Jakhrana goat ovulated towards the end of oestrus and ovulation was over 12h after the end of oestrous period. Ovulation rate in Jakhrana goats followed a similar trend to other large sized goat breeds of Indian origin.
Keywords: Goat; Jakhrana; Laparotomy; Ovulation; Tropical

Ovulation in Jakhrana goats native to tropical climates - A.K. Goel; K.P. Agrawal (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Ovulation pattern (rate and time) of 35 adult (age: 2–3.5 years, average body weight: 25–36kg) normal cycling (nulliparous and parous) Jakhrana goats native to the semi-arid areas of India was investigated. Randomly selected goats (seven per group) were laparotomized 20, 28, 36, 48 and 54h following natural oestrus and were observed for the onset of ovulation, its sequence and rate. None of the goat ovulated 20h post-onset of natural oestrus. Ovulation occurred 28h post-onset of oestrus (towards the end of the oestrous period) in Jakhrana goats and reached to its peak at 36h of post-oestrus. No further increase in ovulation rate 48 to 54h post-oestrus was observed in this breed. Mean ovulation rate was 1.33±0.10 (range 1–2). Study concluded that Jakhrana goat ovulated towards the end of oestrus and ovulation was over 12h after the end of oestrous period. Ovulation rate in Jakhrana goats followed a similar trend to other large sized goat breeds of Indian origin.
Keywords: Goat; Jakhrana; Laparotomy; Ovulation; Tropical

Page/Contents/Editorial - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Part 1. Growth, carcass and meat quality parameters of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Male kids (110) from six goat genotypes, i.e. Boer×Angora (BA), Boer×Feral (BF), Boer×Saanen (BS), Feral×Feral (FF), Saanen×Angora (SA) and Saanen×Feral (SF) and two slaughter weight groups, i.e. Capretto and Chevon (liveweight at slaughter 14–22 and 30–35kg, respectively) were compared for growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics. Due to their better growth rate, kids from BS and SF genotypes reached the required liveweight for slaughter earlier than kids from other genotypes used in the study. Chevon kids had a significantly (P<0.05) lower average daily gain (119g per day) compared to Capretto kids (171g per day). SA, SF and FF kids deposited more internal fat in comparison to kids from other genotypes. The dressing percentage of kids ranged from 51 to 54%, with significant differences between genotypes. BS and SF kids had longer carcasses, while BF kids had larger eye muscle area compared to other genotypes. Goat carcasses had a thin subcutaneous fat cover (1.6–2.2mm). Genotype had a significant (P<0.05) influence on cooking loss, pigment concentration and muscle colour parameters (CIE L∗, a∗ and b∗ values). As denoted by the higher L∗ and fibre optic probe values and lower subjective muscle score, the longissimus muscle colour was lighter for BS kids than other genotypes. Cooked meat from the BF kids had lower shear force values and better sensory scores compared to other genotypes. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in muscle tenderness was observed from Capretto to Chevon carcasses, whereas cooked meat from these two slaughter weight groups was equally accepted (P>0.05) by the panellists.
Keywords: Carcass characteristics; Goat genotype; Growth; Meat quality

Part 1. Growth, carcass and meat quality parameters of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Male kids (110) from six goat genotypes, i.e. Boer×Angora (BA), Boer×Feral (BF), Boer×Saanen (BS), Feral×Feral (FF), Saanen×Angora (SA) and Saanen×Feral (SF) and two slaughter weight groups, i.e. Capretto and Chevon (liveweight at slaughter 14–22 and 30–35kg, respectively) were compared for growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics. Due to their better growth rate, kids from BS and SF genotypes reached the required liveweight for slaughter earlier than kids from other genotypes used in the study. Chevon kids had a significantly (P<0.05) lower average daily gain (119g per day) compared to Capretto kids (171g per day). SA, SF and FF kids deposited more internal fat in comparison to kids from other genotypes. The dressing percentage of kids ranged from 51 to 54%, with significant differences between genotypes. BS and SF kids had longer carcasses, while BF kids had larger eye muscle area compared to other genotypes. Goat carcasses had a thin subcutaneous fat cover (1.6–2.2mm). Genotype had a significant (P<0.05) influence on cooking loss, pigment concentration and muscle colour parameters (CIE L*, a* and b* values). As denoted by the higher L* and fibre optic probe values and lower subjective muscle score, the longissimus muscle colour was lighter for BS kids than other genotypes. Cooked meat from the BF kids had lower shear force values and better sensory scores compared to other genotypes. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in muscle tenderness was observed from Capretto to Chevon carcasses, whereas cooked meat from these two slaughter weight groups was equally accepted (P>0.05) by the panellists.
Keywords: Carcass characteristics; Goat genotype; Growth; Meat quality

Part 2. Carcass composition and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The dissected carcass composition and fatty acid profiles of intermuscular fat from 110 male goat kids from six genotypes i.e. Boer×Angora (BA), Boer×Feral (BF), Boer×Saanen (BS), Feral×Feral (FF), Saanen×Angora (SA) and Saanen×Feral (SF) and two slaughter weight groups i.e. Capretto and Chevon (liveweight at slaughter 14–22 and 30–35kg, respectively) were compared. Carcass tissue distribution for various genotypes was: muscle (63–66%), fat (10–13%) and bone (21–24%). Genotype significantly (P<0.05) influenced the carcass composition; BA and FF carcasses had significantly higher muscle to bone ratio, while carcasses from BS kids were leaner compared to other genotypes. However, the two slaughter weight groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in terms of carcass composition, when compared at the same carcass weight. In the present study, significant (P<0.01) correlations were observed between percentage of muscle, fat and bone in most of the primal cuts and that in the carcass side. The main saturated fatty acids (SFAs) identified were palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), while oleic acid (18:1, ω9) was the main unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) in the intermuscular fat from goat kids. There were significant (P<0.05) differences between genotypes in the proportions of individual fatty acids. Adipose tissue from BS kids had significantly higher UFAs (mainly oleic acid) and thus had a significantly lower melting point compared to other genotypes. There were significantly higher proportions of palmitic acid (35%) in the adipose tissue from Capretto kids compared to that from Chevon kids (22%). The concentration of UFAs increased in the adipose tissue from Capretto to Chevon carcasses.
Keywords: Carcass composition; Fatty acids; Goat genotypes

The Place of Theory in Literary Criticism - Ndogo, S (Oasis, 2003)

Plenary Sessions and Simposia–Food - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Plenary Sessions and Simposia–Health - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Plenary Sessions and Simposia–Research - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Postgraduate Seminar Abstracts - Kenyatta University. Postgraduate Seminar (Kenyatta University., 2003)

Potential of micromachined photonics: miniaturization, scaling, and applications in continuously tunable vertical air-cavity filters - Hillmer, Hartmut; Daleiden, Juergen; Irmer, Soeren; Roemer, Friedhard; Prott, Cornelia; Tarraf, Amer; Strassner, Martin; Ataro, Edwin; Scholz, Thorsten (Laser Diodes, Optoelectronic Devices, and Heterogenous Integration, 2003)

Prevention of scours in neonatal kids after modification of management and experimental vaccination against Escherichia coli - S.K. Kritas; A.R. Burriel; A.H. Tzivara; A. Govaris; S.C. Kyriakis; H. Karatzias; J. Vlemmas (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate under field conditions, the role that right management and vaccination against Escherichia coli plays in the prevention of neonatal kid diarrhoea. To meet this objective, a goat farm of low management standards suffering from a neonatal diarrhoea problem caused by enteropathogenic strains of E. coli was selected. Three experimental groups of new-born kids with their mothers were formed: (a) the kids in Group I were raised under the management conditions already existing in the farm, and served as negative controls, (b) the kids in Group II were raised under improved conditions, including specially prepared warm and draft-free areas for kidding and nursing, and (c) the kids in Group III were raised under the improved conditions of Group II, but were born from does previously vaccinated for E. coli. The three groups were compared with regard to the incidence and duration of diarrhoea, and the mortality of kids. It was shown that, compared to the control group, neonatal morbidity and mortality were both reduced by a factor of 3 in Group II, and by factors of 9.5 and 12.5, respectively, in Group III (P<0.05). Also, the duration of diarrhoea was 3.7 and 12 times shorter in the kids of Groups II and III, respectively, when compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Samples of diarrhoeic faeces from kids in the control group resulted in the isolation of K88 and K99 strains of E. coli. It was concluded that specific vaccination of does followed by improvements in neonatal management may drastically reduce the development of E. coli scours in kids under field conditions.
Keywords: Diarrhoea; Goat; Prevention

Prevention of scours in neonatal kids after modification of management and experimental vaccination against Escherichia coli - S.K. Kritas; A.R. Burriel; A.H. Tzivara; A. Govaris; S.C. Kyriakis; H. Karatzias; J. Vlemmas (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate under field conditions, the role that right management and vaccination against Escherichia coli plays in the prevention of neonatal kid diarrhoea. To meet this objective, a goat farm of low management standards suffering from a neonatal diarrhoea problem caused by enteropathogenic strains of E. coli was selected. Three experimental groups of new-born kids with their mothers were formed: (a) the kids in Group I were raised under the management conditions already existing in the farm, and served as negative controls, (b) the kids in Group II were raised under improved conditions, including specially prepared warm and draft-free areas for kidding and nursing, and (c) the kids in Group III were raised under the improved conditions of Group II, but were born from does previously vaccinated for E. coli. The three groups were compared with regard to the incidence and duration of diarrhoea, and the mortality of kids. It was shown that, compared to the control group, neonatal morbidity and mortality were both reduced by a factor of 3 in Group II, and by factors of 9.5 and 12.5, respectively, in Group III (P<0.05). Also, the duration of diarrhoea was 3.7 and 12 times shorter in the kids of Groups II and III, respectively, when compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Samples of diarrhoeic faeces from kids in the control group resulted in the isolation of K88 and K99 strains of E. coli. It was concluded that specific vaccination of does followed by improvements in neonatal management may drastically reduce the development of E. coli scours in kids under field conditions.
Keywords: Diarrhoea; Goat; Prevention

Production efficiency of South African Mutton Merino lambs and Boer goat kids receiving either a low or a high energy feedlot diet - R Sheridan; A.V Ferreira; L.C Hoffman (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Individual feed consumption, utilisation, digestion efficiency and growth of 32 Boer goat (BG) kids and 32 South African Mutton Merino (MM) lambs were investigated after weaning. Two pelleted diets (fed to 16 animals per species) with either a low (LE, 9.89MJkg−1 DM) or a high (HE, 12.11MJkg−1 DM) metabolisable energy level were fed individually, ad lib, for either 28 or 56 days. MM had significantly higher average daily gains (ADG) than BG. Within a diet there was no significant difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) between BG and MM and only the MM FCE differed between the LE- and HE-diets. BG fed LE digested DM, CP and energy more efficiently and had a higher energy retention than MM fed LE. Neither species, nor diet affected N retention. The average daily gain of the MM on the LE-diet for 28 days was significantly lower than for those on the HE-diet. However, there was no significant difference between the ADG of BG on the high or low energy diets. These trends were similar in the group of animals that were fed for 56 days. These results indicate that Boer goats may be finished on a diet with a lower ME-value than is usually formulated for sheep, without a reduction in performance. This may render the BG economically viable for feedlot finishing.
Keywords: Boer goat kids; Digestibility; Feed efficiency; Feedlot; Merino lamb

Production efficiency of South African Mutton Merino lambs and Boer goat kids receiving either a low or a high energy feedlot diet - R Sheridan; A.V Ferreira; L.C Hoffman (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Individual feed consumption, utilisation, digestion efficiency and growth of 32 Boer goat (BG) kids and 32 South African Mutton Merino (MM) lambs were investigated after weaning. Two pelleted diets (fed to 16 animals per species) with either a low (LE, 9.89MJkg-1 DM) or a high (HE, 12.11MJkg-1 DM) metabolisable energy level were fed individually, ad lib, for either 28 or 56 days. MM had significantly higher average daily gains (ADG) than BG. Within a diet there was no significant difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) between BG and MM and only the MM FCE differed between the LE- and HE-diets. BG fed LE digested DM, CP and energy more efficiently and had a higher energy retention than MM fed LE. Neither species, nor diet affected N retention. The average daily gain of the MM on the LE-diet for 28 days was significantly lower than for those on the HE-diet. However, there was no significant difference between the ADG of BG on the high or low energy diets. These trends were similar in the group of animals that were fed for 56 days. These results indicate that Boer goats may be finished on a diet with a lower ME-value than is usually formulated for sheep, without a reduction in performance. This may render the BG economically viable for feedlot finishing.
Keywords: Boer goat kids; Digestibility; Feed efficiency; Feedlot; Merino lamb

Relationships among forage chemistry, rumination and retention time with intake and digestibility of hay by goats - S.W Coleman; S.P Hart; T Sahlu (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight species of forage, a cool-season perennial (tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)) and annual grass (winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)), four warm-season perennial grasses (caucasian (Bothriochloa caucasica), plains (B. ischaemum), old world bluestem, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides)), a warm season annual (crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)) and a perennial legume (alfalfa (Medicago sativa)), were each cut at two or three maturities to provide a wide array of quality difference (n=20). Twenty wether goats (Capra hicus) were fed the hays in four different trials using an incomplete block design so that four different goats received each hay. Alfalfa produced the highest (25gkg−1 body weight (BW)) and wheat the lowest (13.6gkg−1 BW) organic matter (OM) intake. A number of the grasses provided less than 20gkg−1 BW OM intake. Digestion of OM was also highest for alfalfa (>715gkg−1) and lowest for bermudagrass (508gkg−1). All measures and expressions of intake and digestibility were better related to ruminating and retention time than to forage chemistry, with the exception of crude protein digestibility. The best equations for predicting intake included a combination of mean retention time and forage acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (reciprocal and quadratic); that for digestibility included permanganate lignin (reciprocal), and the quadratic for ruminating and retention time. Equations for predicting the constraint on intake and digestible organic matter intake produced higher r2 than those for either intake or digestibility. Digestibility of ADF and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were poorly predicted with either chemistry (r2≤0.20), or ruminating time (r2=0.43), but combinations of permanganate lignin content of NDF, retention and ruminating time produced reasonable equations.
Keywords: Digestibility; Forage chemistry; Intake; Retention time; Rumination time

Relationships among forage chemistry, rumination and retention time with intake and digestibility of hay by goats - S.W Coleman; S.P Hart; T Sahlu (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight species of forage, a cool-season perennial (tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)) and annual grass (winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)), four warm-season perennial grasses (caucasian (Bothriochloa caucasica), plains (B. ischaemum), old world bluestem, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides)), a warm season annual (crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)) and a perennial legume (alfalfa (Medicago sativa)), were each cut at two or three maturities to provide a wide array of quality difference (n=20). Twenty wether goats (Capra hicus) were fed the hays in four different trials using an incomplete block design so that four different goats received each hay. Alfalfa produced the highest (25gkg-1 body weight (BW)) and wheat the lowest (13.6gkg-1 BW) organic matter (OM) intake. A number of the grasses provided less than 20gkg-1 BW OM intake. Digestion of OM was also highest for alfalfa (>715gkg-1) and lowest for bermudagrass (508gkg-1). All measures and expressions of intake and digestibility were better related to ruminating and retention time than to forage chemistry, with the exception of crude protein digestibility. The best equations for predicting intake included a combination of mean retention time and forage acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (reciprocal and quadratic); that for digestibility included permanganate lignin (reciprocal), and the quadratic for ruminating and retention time. Equations for predicting the constraint on intake and digestible organic matter intake produced higher r2 than those for either intake or digestibility. Digestibility of ADF and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were poorly predicted with either chemistry (r2<=0.20), or ruminating time (r2=0.43), but combinations of permanganate lignin content of NDF, retention and ruminating time produced reasonable equations.
Keywords: Digestibility; Forage chemistry; Intake; Retention time; Rumination time

Replacing soybean meal with sunflower seed meal in the ration of Awassi ewes and lambs - R.H. Irshaid; M.Y. Harb; H.H. Titi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate sunflower seed meal (SFM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBOM) in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking ewes. In the first experiment, 12 Awassi lambs were assigned into four groups to measure the digestibility of the SFM and experimental rations. The control group ration (1) contained SBOM while in the other two rations, SFM replaced SBOM at a level of 50% (2) and 100% (3), respectively. The fourth group was fed only SFM. No significant differences were observed between lambs fed the experimental rations in digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, NDF, ADF or N balance. NFE had a higher (P<0.05) digestibility for ration 1 than ration 2. In the second experiment, the voluntary feed intake was measured for the Awassi ewes during milking and dry period using 36 Awassi lactating ewes. For the two stages there were no significant differences between rations in voluntary intake. Milk yields (kg/herd per day), milk fat (%) and milk total solids (%) were not different among groups. In the third experiment, 42 lambs (males and females) were divided randomly into three treatment groups. Rations were the same experimental rations in the digestibility study. There were no significant differences in the average final BW, ADG and average feed conversion ratios (FCR) among the treatments. These experiments showed that SFM could replace SBOM as a protein source in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking Awassi ewes.
Keywords: Awassi ewes; Awassi lambs; Sunflower seed meal

Replacing soybean meal with sunflower seed meal in the ration of Awassi ewes and lambs - R.H. Irshaid; M.Y. Harb; H.H. Titi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate sunflower seed meal (SFM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBOM) in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking ewes. In the first experiment, 12 Awassi lambs were assigned into four groups to measure the digestibility of the SFM and experimental rations. The control group ration (1) contained SBOM while in the other two rations, SFM replaced SBOM at a level of 50% (2) and 100% (3), respectively. The fourth group was fed only SFM. No significant differences were observed between lambs fed the experimental rations in digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, NDF, ADF or N balance. NFE had a higher (P<0.05) digestibility for ration 1 than ration 2. In the second experiment, the voluntary feed intake was measured for the Awassi ewes during milking and dry period using 36 Awassi lactating ewes. For the two stages there were no significant differences between rations in voluntary intake. Milk yields (kg/herd per day), milk fat (%) and milk total solids (%) were not different among groups. In the third experiment, 42 lambs (males and females) were divided randomly into three treatment groups. Rations were the same experimental rations in the digestibility study. There were no significant differences in the average final BW, ADG and average feed conversion ratios (FCR) among the treatments. These experiments showed that SFM could replace SBOM as a protein source in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking Awassi ewes.
Keywords: Awassi ewes; Awassi lambs; Sunflower seed meal

Sand Dams: Source of water in Arid and Semi Arid Lands of Kenya - Kibiiy, Joel K; others (Proceeding of the International Civil Engineering Conference on Sustainable Development in the 21st century, Nairobi, Kenya, 2003)

Satellite Meeting - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Seasonal dynamics and defoliation impact on herbage yield in aspen boreal habitats of Alberta - Donkor, Noble T; Okello, Moses M; Hudson, Robert J; Bork, Edward W (2003)

Serum retinol, iron status and body composition of lactating women in Nandi, Kenya - Ettyang, G. A.; van Marken Lichtenbelt, WD; Oloo, A; Saris, WHM (Annals of nutrition and metabolism, 2003)

Seven vulnerabilities in the pediatric research subject - Kipnis, K. (Theor Med Bioeth, 2003)

Social network analysis for health and social interventions among Kenyan scavenging street children - Ayuku, David; Odero, Wilson; Kaplan, Charles; De Bruyn, Rene; De Vries, Marten (Health policy and planning, 2003)

Social network analysis for health and social interventions among Kenyan scavenging street children - Ayuku, D.; Odero, W; Kaplan, C.; Bruyn, R.; Vries, M. (Health Policy Plan, 2003)

Social network analysis for health and social interventions among Kenyan scavenging street children - Ayuku, D.; Odero, W; Kaplan, C.; Bruyn, R.; Vries, M. (Heal Policy Plan, 2003)

Special Lectures - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Special Sessions/Debates - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

A study of the role of the sponsor in public secondary school administration in Kakamega district - Agweyu-Lugulu, Joyce MM (2003)

Study on frequency, etiology and some enzymatic activities of subclinical ovine mastitis in Urmia, Iran - R.A. Batavani; E. Mortaz; K. Falahian; M.A. Dawoodi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A total of 209 milk samples were collected from the udder halves of 178 native dairy ewes at 2 weeks after lambing until the 10th week postpartum. Those which were classified by bacterial culture and California Mastitis Test (CMT) as positive, were deemed to have glands with subclinical mastitis (SCM). The periodic prevalence rate of SCM was 39%. The most common bacterial isolates from SCM cases were coagulase negative staphylococci (41%), Bacillus cereus (33%), Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Streptococcus spp. (4%). The mean activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher in milk from SCM udders than in milk from healthy udders (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in blood serum LDH, ALP and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of healthy and subclinical mastitic ewes. The increment in LDH and ALP in milk of udders shows the presence of tissue damage provoked by SCM. Thus, these parameters might be suitable for use in the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in ewes.
Keywords: Enzyme; Etiology; Prevalence; Sheep; Subclinical mastitis

Study on frequency, etiology and some enzymatic activities of subclinical ovine mastitis in Urmia, Iran - R.A. Batavani; E. Mortaz; K. Falahian; M.A. Dawoodi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A total of 209 milk samples were collected from the udder halves of 178 native dairy ewes at 2 weeks after lambing until the 10th week postpartum. Those which were classified by bacterial culture and California Mastitis Test (CMT) as positive, were deemed to have glands with subclinical mastitis (SCM). The periodic prevalence rate of SCM was 39%. The most common bacterial isolates from SCM cases were coagulase negative staphylococci (41%), Bacillus cereus (33%), Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Streptococcus spp. (4%). The mean activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher in milk from SCM udders than in milk from healthy udders (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in blood serum LDH, ALP and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of healthy and subclinical mastitic ewes. The increment in LDH and ALP in milk of udders shows the presence of tissue damage provoked by SCM. Thus, these parameters might be suitable for use in the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in ewes.
Keywords: Enzyme; Etiology; Prevalence; Sheep; Subclinical mastitis

Subject Index Vol. 47, 2003 - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Oral Communications - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 402–464) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 465–556) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 557–606) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 607–650) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Susceptibility to IVM in a field strain of Haemonchus contortus subjected to four treatments in a closed sheep–goat flock in Kenya - Gatongi,P.M.; J.M Njoroge; M.E. Scott; S. Ranjan; Gathuma,J.M.; Munyua,W.K.; Cheruiyot,H.; R.K. Prichard (Veterinary Parasitology, 2003)
Susceptibility to IVM (IVM) of “strain A” Haemonchus contortus which had been exposed to IVM four times over a 2-year period was compared to IVM susceptibility of “strain C” H. contortus which had no prior field exposure to IVM, by in vivo and in vitro methods. In vivo, the percentage reduction in faecal egg counts (FEC) and the total worm counts (TWC) were compared between control animals (lambs and kids) and animals treated with low dose IVM (20μg/kg). In vitro susceptibility to IVM was evaluated by larval migration inhibition (LMI) after the two strains of H. contortus were exposed to different concentrations of IVM. The dose response, measured as the proportion of larvae inhibited from migrating, was used to estimate LD50. Although differences in response to IVM in the in vivo determinations were not significant, “strain A” H. contortus had a significantly higher LD50 than “strain C” in the LMI assay. Coincident with the conduct of the in vivo experiment, it was observed that “strain A” H. contortus established and survived better than “strain C” in the control lambs.
Keywords: Faecal egg count reduction; Goats; IVM; Larval migration inhibition; Resistance; Sheep; Susceptibility; Total worm count

Susceptibility to natural gastro-intestinal nematode infection in different physiological stages in Jamunapari and Barbari goats in the semi-arid tropics - K.K Chauhan; P.K Rout; P.K Singh; A Mandal; H.N Singh; R Roy; S.K Singh (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Resistance to naturally acquired gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasite infections (predominantly Haemonchus) of 212 Jamunapari and 163 Barbari goats (does) were studied in different physiological stages, namely pregnant, dry and lactating stages in a semi-arid region of India. The faecal egg counts (FECs) for GI nematode infections were examined in different physiological stages in both the breeds in two periods, i.e. an early period (October–November) and a late period (February–March). Analysis was carried out on loge(FEC+100) transformed data, accounting for repeated records on does, during early and late periods. Breed had significant effect on FEC in early and late periods in pregnant, dry and lactating does. Breed by physiological interaction had significant effect on FEC in both the early and late periods. Jamunapari lactating goats had significantly higher FEC than that of dry and pregnant does but there was no peri-parturient rise in FEC in the resistant Barbari goats.
Keywords: Gastro-intestinal nematodes; Genetic resistance; Goats; Peri-parturient rise

Susceptibility to natural gastro-intestinal nematode infection in different physiological stages in Jamunapari and Barbari goats in the semi-arid tropics - K.K Chauhan; P.K Rout; P.K Singh; A Mandal; H.N Singh; R Roy; S.K Singh (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Resistance to naturally acquired gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasite infections (predominantly Haemonchus) of 212 Jamunapari and 163 Barbari goats (does) were studied in different physiological stages, namely pregnant, dry and lactating stages in a semi-arid region of India. The faecal egg counts (FECs) for GI nematode infections were examined in different physiological stages in both the breeds in two periods, i.e. an early period (October–November) and a late period (February–March). Analysis was carried out on loge(FEC+100) transformed data, accounting for repeated records on does, during early and late periods. Breed had significant effect on FEC in early and late periods in pregnant, dry and lactating does. Breed by physiological interaction had significant effect on FEC in both the early and late periods. Jamunapari lactating goats had significantly higher FEC than that of dry and pregnant does but there was no peri-parturient rise in FEC in the resistant Barbari goats.
Keywords: Gastro-intestinal nematodes; Genetic resistance; Goats; Peri-parturient rise

Under-development Debate and the problem of Poverty: (Theoretical Alternatives for Africa in Educational Perspectives, 2003)

Various schools of Philosophical thought about the subject matter that should be included in the early years of schooling curriculum - Syomwene, A.; Kitainge, K. M. (Reimagining Practice - Researching change: First international conference on cognition, languages and special education research., 2003)

Violence and alcohol : a study of injury presentations to Emergency Departments in Eldoret, Kenya : short research report - Odero, W; Ayuku, D. (African Safety Promotion, 2003)
The objective of this study was to estimate the extent of alcoholrelatedness in injury patients, with special reference to interpersonal violence. A cross-sectional hospital-based descriptive study was undertaken in Eldoret, Kenya, over a period of six months. Demographic and injury circumstances data were collected on trauma patients consecutively presenting to hospitals. Alcohol consumption was assessed by either blood analysis or breath test, using a Lion Alcolmeter-SD2, in patients aged 16 years and above who arrived within an interval of 10 hours from the time of injury. Of the 778 subjects evaluated for alcohol, 31.1% were positive (BAC >0.05 g/100ml). A greater proportion of assaulted patients (42.5%) tested positive for alcohol than those with road traffic injuries (23.3%) and falls (17.9%). Nearly a third of assaulted patients were intoxicated (BAC=>0.5g/100ml). Males were twice as likely as females to have been drinking prior to injury (OR=1.8; CI, 1.2-2.6). Young adults of ages 30-39 years were three times as likely to be involved in alcohol-related violence than adolescents aged 16-19 years (OR=3.1

Wide and continuous wavelength tuning of micro-cavity devices for optoelectronic applications - Tarraf, Amer; Ro, Friedhard; Prott, Cornelia; Ataro, Edwin; Strassner, Martin; Hillmer, Hartmut (Journal of Microlithography, Microfabrication and Microsystems, 2003)

Women librarians in Kenya: a study of their status and occupational characteristics - Majanja, Mabel; Kiplang’at, Joseph (Library management, 2003)

Writing her story: the woman and history in Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye's' Coming to birth' - Tom Michael Mboya (Nairobi Journal of Literature, 2003)

60 nm gate length dual-Vt CMOS for high performance applications - Mehrotra, M; Wu, J; Jain, A; Laaksonen, T; Kim, K; Bather, W; Koshy, R; Chen, J; Jacobs, J; Ukraintsev, V; others (2002 Symposium on VLSI Technology. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No. 01CH37303), 2002)

Aerobic pathogenic bacteria in post-operative wounds at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital - Andhoga, J; Macharia, AG; Maikuma, IR; Awnyonyi, ZS; Ayumba, BR; Kakai, R (East African medical journal, 2002)

African philosophy: the task of addressing contemporary social problems - Chukwu, Cletus N (Thought and Practice in African Philosophy, 2002)

Alternative breeding schemes for meat sheep in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Proceedings of the 7th world congress on genetics applied to livestock production, 2002)

Alternative breeding schemes for meat sheep in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livesto ck Production, 2002)

An assessment of the adequacy of school meals in meeting the nutritional requirements of girls in boarding secondary schools in Nairobi - Buluku, Elizabeth (Kenyatta University, 2002)

The Base Language Question in Ekegusii, Kiswahili, English, and Sheng Codeswitching in Kenya - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (Köln: Köppe, 2002)

Brewery wastewater treatment in a fluidised bed bioreactor - Ochieng, Aoyi; Ogada, Tom; Wekesa, Sisenda; Paul Wambua (Journal of hazardous materials, 2002)

Clients of female sex workers in Nyanza province, Kenya: a core group in STD/HIV transmission - Helene ACM Voeten; Omar B Egesah; Mark Y Ondiege; Corlien M Varkevisser; J Dik F Habbema (Sexually transmitted diseases, 2002)

Continuously tunable air-gap micro-cavity devices for optical communication systems - Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Ataro, Edwin; Prott, Cornelia; Rangelov, Ventzeslav; Römer, Friedhard; Strassner, Martin; Tarraf, Amer; Hillme, H (Proceedings of the SPIE ITCom 2002, 2002)

Detection of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: P-17 - Pytynia, Kristen B; Campbell, Bruce H; Kajdacsy-Balla, Andre A; Campbell, William B; Nithipatikom, Kasem (The Cancer Journal, 2002)

Educational publishing in African languages, with a focus on Swahili in Kenya - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori; Bosire-Ogechi, Emily (Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2002)

Enjeux et perspectives dans l’enseignement du Français Langue Etrangère à Moi University (Kenya). (UFR de Franche-comté, 2002)

Ethical considerations for research and treatment with runaway and homeless adolescents - Meade, M. A.; Slesnick, N. (J Psychol, 2002)

Ethics in international health research: A perspective from the developing world - Bhutta, Z. A. (Bull World Health Organ, 2002)

The ethics of paying for children's participation in research - Wendler, D.; Rackoff, J.; Emanuel, E.; Grady, C. (J Pediatr, 2002)

Hemp Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties - Paul Wambua; Ignaas Verpoest (10th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM-10), Brugge, Belgium, June 3rd – 7th 2002, 2002)

A history of the Sudan conflict - Too, Prisca Tanui (AFER, 2002)

Hydatid disease of the spine: case report - R T Kuremu; Khwa-Otsyula, B. O.; Svanvik, Joar; Bwombengi, OSG; Lelei, LK; Mathews, D (East African medical journal, 2002)

IDEOLOGY FOR THE LIBERATION OF WOMEN OF KENYA - Shigali, Roselyne Hellen (Critical Gender Discourse in Africa, 2002)

The impact of the structural adjustment programmes on Kenyan society - Rono, Joseph Kipkemboi (Journal of social development in Africa, 2002)

Introduction to philosophy in an African perspective - Chukwu, Cletus N (2002)

Kunyenga, ``real sex,'' and survival: assessing the risk of HIV infection among urban street boys in Tanzania - Lockhart, C. (Med Anthropol Q, 2002)

Kunyenga, ``Real Sex,'' and Survival: assessing the risk of HIV infection among urban street boys in Tanzania - Lockhart, C. (Med Anthropol Q, 2002)

Kunyenga, ``real sex'', and survival: assessing the risk of HIV infection among urban street boys in Tanzania - Lockhart, C. (Med Anthr Q, 2002)

Linguistic effects of English on ethnic languages: the case of Kenya (XV World Sociological Congress meeting, 2002)

Mechanical behaviour and ballistic impact response of hemp and flax fabric polypropylene composites - Paul Wambua; Vangrimde, Bart; Lomov, Stepan Vladimirovitch; Verpoest, Ignace (Proc. 23rd Risö International Symposium on Materials Science, 2002)

Model calculations of vertical cavity air-gap filters and VCSELs for ultra-wide continuous tuning - Prott, Cornelia; Römer, Friedhard; Ataro, Edwin; Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Strassner, M; Tarraf, Amer; Hillmer, Hartmut (Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland, 2002)

Molecular markers in epidemiological monitoring of the spread of resistance to antimalarials: a review - Nyamwange, CI; Nyamogoba, H (East African medical journal, 2002)

The Novel and the Politics of Nation Building in East Africa - Nazareth, Peter; Simatei, Tirop (World Literature Today, 2002)

A novel low-cost and simple fabrication technology for tunable dielectric active and passive optical air-gap devices - Tarraf, Amer; Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Rangelov, Ventzeslav; Römer, Friedhard; Prott, Cornelia; Ataro, Edwin; Hillmer, Hartmut; Fuhrmann, Thomas; Spehr, Till; others (Proceedings of Photonic Fabrication Europe, Brugge Belgium, 2002)

A novel low-cost tunable dielectric air-gap filter - Tarraf, A; Daleiden, J; Romer, F; Prott, C; Rangelov, V; Irmer, S; Ataro, E; Hillmer, H (Optical MEMs, 2002. Conference Digest. 2002 IEEE/LEOS International Conference on, 2002)

Objective: To determine the pattern of surgically managed peptic ulcer disease. Design: A retrospective study. - R T Kuremu (East African Medical Journal, 2002)

Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections and sexual risk behavior among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Taffa, N.; Bjune, G.; Sundby, J.; Gaustad, P.; Alestrom, A. (Sex Transm Dis., 2002)

Publishing in Kiswahili and indigenous languages for enhanced adult literacy in Kenya - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (2002)

Reforming Kenya's company law: lessons from other countries - Chebii, JK (East African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 2002)

The role of society in the woman's subordination in selected works of Bessie Head - Opondo, Rose A (University of Nairobi, 2002)

Safranin staining of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts not requiring microwave heating - Maratim, AC; Kamar, KK; Ngindu, A.; Akoru, CN; Diero, L; Sidle, J. (British journal of biomedical science, 2002)

A study of the diminishing prestige of the teaching profession in Kenya a case study of Nairobi province. - Opondo, Rose; others (University of Nairobi, 2002)

Surgical management of peptic ulcer disease - R T Kuremu (East African medical journal, 2002)

Survey of faecal parasites in patients from western Kenya. - Ngindu, A.; Kamar, K; Choge, A; Maritim, A; Akoru, C; Diero, L; Smith, J; Bartlett, M (Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2002)

Theoretical assessment of alternative pure-breeding schemes for sheep meat in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2002)

Theoretical assessment of alternative pure-breeding schemes for sheep meat in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2002)

Trilingual Codeswitching in Kenya-Evidence from Ekegusii - Nathan O. Ogechi (Kiswahili, English and Sheng: Dissertation zur Erlangung der Wurde des Doktors der Philosophie der Universitat Hamburg, 2002)

The understanding and performance of basic Mathematical concepts in both seeing and children who are blind - Festo M Ndonye (Special Needs Education (SNE), 2002)

Use of wireless technology and other forms of ICTs in bridging the digital divide in the communication of agricultural information in Sub-Saharan Africa - Kiplang’at, J (TJD Bothma & A Kaniki, 2002)

Utegemezi au utegemeano baina ya Kenya na Tanzania katika ukuzaji na uendelezaji wa Kiswahili nchini Kenya? - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (2002)

Application of Ground Charcoal in the Removal of Organic Matter in Water Treatment - Simon, Mburu, Njoroge; Ngari, S. K.; Njoroge, B. N. K (East African journal of Engineering, 2001)

Breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics - Kosgey, I; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Book of abstracts no. 7: 52nd Meeting of the European Association foa Animal Production, Budapest, 2001, 2001)

Breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics - Kosgey, I; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Book of abstracts no. 7: 52nd Meeting of the European Association foa Animal Production, Budapest, 2001, 2001)

Breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics. Paper at 52nd meet - IS Kosgey; Arendonk, JAMV; RL Baker (European Assoc. Anim. Prod., Budapest, Hungary, 2001)

Determining optimal size and operational efficiency of Nandi secondary schools - Kosgei, ZK (Unpublished master of philosophy Thesis, Moi University, 2001)

Ethics and participation: Reflections on research with street children - Young, L.; Barrett, H. (Ethics, Place Environ, 2001)

Foreign Aid and African Development Dilemma, New Times, Kigali (2001)

Formation of ultrafine scale structures in aluminium containing small amounts of particles by conventional rolling deformation - Yuanding, Huang; Liu, YL; Paul Wambua (Journal of materials science, 2001)

Head and neck - Weber, RS; Abemayor, E; Adams, GL; Adelstein, DJ; Alavi, A; Alford, Eugene; Al-Sarraf, M; Alvi, A; Ambinder, R; Amdur, R; others (Head and Neck, 2001)

Health problems of street children in Eldoret Kenya - Ayaya, S.; Esamai, F. (East Afr Med J, 2001)