New rearing systems for Tuj (Tushin) lambs - M. Saatci; S. Yildiz; I. Kaya (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Traditional rearing system based on pasture and hay supplementation was compared with rearing systems based on supplementation of barley based concentrate on Tuj lambs. Male Tuj lambs (n=18) were used in three groups with six lambs in each group. Group T was a control managed as a traditional system with grazing and hay as the main feed sources. In Group TC, lambs were separated from the main flock once a day and offered 500g concentrate per animal. Lambs in Group C were also separated from the main flock and fed 175g per day per animal hay and 1kg per day per animal concentrate. At the end of a 150 days experimental period, lambs were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated. Liveweights of Groups T, TC and C were 36.4, 38.2 and 41.3kg, respectively, and cold carcass weights were 17.1, 18.1 and 19.7kg, respectively (P<0.05). The results suggest that liveweight and carcass weight can be improved by supplementary feeding of lambs. Economic aspects of concentrate usage were also evaluated. It was concluded that feeding animals with barley based concentrate instead of hay is profitable for breeders.
Keywords: Carcass; Growth; Rearing system; Tuj lambs

Obstacles to utilization of information held by archival institutions: a review of literature - Kemoni, Henry N; Wamukoya, Justus; Kiplang’at, Joseph (Records Management Journal, 2003)

The Official FENS Calendar - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Ontogenesis of peptide transport and morphological changes in the ovine gastrointestinal tract - C.A. Poole; E.A. Wong; A.P. McElroy; H.P. Veit; K.E. Webb (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to examine developmental and dietary regulation of the potential for peptide transport via PepT1 and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of lambs. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments with four blocks was created based upon gender, birth type (single or twin), birth weight, birth date, and breeding with 32 cross-bred lambs. Lambs were randomly allotted at birth to receive or not to receive a creep diet and all lambs were allowed to nurse. Sampling times of 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks were randomly allotted to lambs. Samples for RNA extraction and histological evaluation were taken from the dorsal rumen, ventral rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The DMI was similar for ewes nursing lambs that had or did not have access to creep feed (2,630 and 2, 574gh-1 per day, respectively). Lambs with access to creep feed consumed DM at the rate of 2, 22, 129, 219, and 227gh-1 per day, respectively when they were approximately 12, 13, 20, 38, and 52 days of age. Cumulative weight gain was similar for both groups of lambs and increased linearly (P<0.001) with age. Villi were about 7% shorter (P<0.09) in lambs receiving creep feed. Papillary height and width increased linearly (P<0.01) with age. In the stomach, total and keratinized epithelial cells decreased (P<0.03 and <0.01, respectively) with age and were fewer (P<0.01) in lambs receiving creep feed. Even with the modest intakes observed in this study, creep feeding appeared to slightly alter the mucosal structure of the small intestine and was advantageous in that it stimulated papillae growth, thus predisposing the rumen for the introduction of feed into the diet. A 2.8kb oPepT1 mRNA was present in all tissues studied by 2 weeks and age did not significantly influence the abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the small intestine or stomach. Abundance of oPepT1 mRNA was greatest in the jejunum (P<0.01) of the small intestine and in the dorsal rumen (P<0.01) of the stomach. Lambs not receiving the creep diet had a greater (P<0.02) abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the rumen, particularly the dorsal rumen. Because no dry feed and little or no milk entered the rumen when no creep was fed, it is possible that a stimulus for development from the non-luminal direction, possibly blood-borne, may be involved in the ontogenesis of oPepT1. That PepT1 mRNA was present indicates that peptide transport occurs in the young lamb and the rumen and omasum appear to be involved in this process.
Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract; Lambs; mRNA; Ontogenesis; PepT1; Peptide; Transport

Ontogenesis of peptide transport and morphological changes in the ovine gastrointestinal tract - C.A. Poole; E.A. Wong; A.P. McElroy; H.P. Veit; K.E. Webb (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to examine developmental and dietary regulation of the potential for peptide transport via PepT1 and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of lambs. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments with four blocks was created based upon gender, birth type (single or twin), birth weight, birth date, and breeding with 32 cross-bred lambs. Lambs were randomly allotted at birth to receive or not to receive a creep diet and all lambs were allowed to nurse. Sampling times of 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks were randomly allotted to lambs. Samples for RNA extraction and histological evaluation were taken from the dorsal rumen, ventral rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The DMI was similar for ewes nursing lambs that had or did not have access to creep feed (2,630 and 2, 574gh−1 per day, respectively). Lambs with access to creep feed consumed DM at the rate of 2, 22, 129, 219, and 227gh−1 per day, respectively when they were approximately 12, 13, 20, 38, and 52 days of age. Cumulative weight gain was similar for both groups of lambs and increased linearly (P<0.001) with age. Villi were about 7% shorter (P<0.09) in lambs receiving creep feed. Papillary height and width increased linearly (P<0.01) with age. In the stomach, total and keratinized epithelial cells decreased (P<0.03 and <0.01, respectively) with age and were fewer (P<0.01) in lambs receiving creep feed. Even with the modest intakes observed in this study, creep feeding appeared to slightly alter the mucosal structure of the small intestine and was advantageous in that it stimulated papillae growth, thus predisposing the rumen for the introduction of feed into the diet. A 2.8kb oPepT1 mRNA was present in all tissues studied by 2 weeks and age did not significantly influence the abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the small intestine or stomach. Abundance of oPepT1 mRNA was greatest in the jejunum (P<0.01) of the small intestine and in the dorsal rumen (P<0.01) of the stomach. Lambs not receiving the creep diet had a greater (P<0.02) abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the rumen, particularly the dorsal rumen. Because no dry feed and little or no milk entered the rumen when no creep was fed, it is possible that a stimulus for development from the non-luminal direction, possibly blood-borne, may be involved in the ontogenesis of oPepT1. That PepT1 mRNA was present indicates that peptide transport occurs in the young lamb and the rumen and omasum appear to be involved in this process.
Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract; Lambs; mRNA; Ontogenesis; PepT1; Peptide; Transport

Ovulation in Jakhrana goats native to tropical climates - A.K. Goel; K.P. Agrawal (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Ovulation pattern (rate and time) of 35 adult (age: 2–3.5 years, average body weight: 25–36kg) normal cycling (nulliparous and parous) Jakhrana goats native to the semi-arid areas of India was investigated. Randomly selected goats (seven per group) were laparotomized 20, 28, 36, 48 and 54h following natural oestrus and were observed for the onset of ovulation, its sequence and rate. None of the goat ovulated 20h post-onset of natural oestrus. Ovulation occurred 28h post-onset of oestrus (towards the end of the oestrous period) in Jakhrana goats and reached to its peak at 36h of post-oestrus. No further increase in ovulation rate 48 to 54h post-oestrus was observed in this breed. Mean ovulation rate was 1.33±0.10 (range 1–2). Study concluded that Jakhrana goat ovulated towards the end of oestrus and ovulation was over 12h after the end of oestrous period. Ovulation rate in Jakhrana goats followed a similar trend to other large sized goat breeds of Indian origin.
Keywords: Goat; Jakhrana; Laparotomy; Ovulation; Tropical

Ovulation in Jakhrana goats native to tropical climates - A.K. Goel; K.P. Agrawal (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Ovulation pattern (rate and time) of 35 adult (age: 2–3.5 years, average body weight: 25–36kg) normal cycling (nulliparous and parous) Jakhrana goats native to the semi-arid areas of India was investigated. Randomly selected goats (seven per group) were laparotomized 20, 28, 36, 48 and 54h following natural oestrus and were observed for the onset of ovulation, its sequence and rate. None of the goat ovulated 20h post-onset of natural oestrus. Ovulation occurred 28h post-onset of oestrus (towards the end of the oestrous period) in Jakhrana goats and reached to its peak at 36h of post-oestrus. No further increase in ovulation rate 48 to 54h post-oestrus was observed in this breed. Mean ovulation rate was 1.33±0.10 (range 1–2). Study concluded that Jakhrana goat ovulated towards the end of oestrus and ovulation was over 12h after the end of oestrous period. Ovulation rate in Jakhrana goats followed a similar trend to other large sized goat breeds of Indian origin.
Keywords: Goat; Jakhrana; Laparotomy; Ovulation; Tropical

Page/Contents/Editorial - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Part 1. Growth, carcass and meat quality parameters of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Male kids (110) from six goat genotypes, i.e. Boer×Angora (BA), Boer×Feral (BF), Boer×Saanen (BS), Feral×Feral (FF), Saanen×Angora (SA) and Saanen×Feral (SF) and two slaughter weight groups, i.e. Capretto and Chevon (liveweight at slaughter 14–22 and 30–35kg, respectively) were compared for growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics. Due to their better growth rate, kids from BS and SF genotypes reached the required liveweight for slaughter earlier than kids from other genotypes used in the study. Chevon kids had a significantly (P<0.05) lower average daily gain (119g per day) compared to Capretto kids (171g per day). SA, SF and FF kids deposited more internal fat in comparison to kids from other genotypes. The dressing percentage of kids ranged from 51 to 54%, with significant differences between genotypes. BS and SF kids had longer carcasses, while BF kids had larger eye muscle area compared to other genotypes. Goat carcasses had a thin subcutaneous fat cover (1.6–2.2mm). Genotype had a significant (P<0.05) influence on cooking loss, pigment concentration and muscle colour parameters (CIE L∗, a∗ and b∗ values). As denoted by the higher L∗ and fibre optic probe values and lower subjective muscle score, the longissimus muscle colour was lighter for BS kids than other genotypes. Cooked meat from the BF kids had lower shear force values and better sensory scores compared to other genotypes. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in muscle tenderness was observed from Capretto to Chevon carcasses, whereas cooked meat from these two slaughter weight groups was equally accepted (P>0.05) by the panellists.
Keywords: Carcass characteristics; Goat genotype; Growth; Meat quality

Part 1. Growth, carcass and meat quality parameters of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Male kids (110) from six goat genotypes, i.e. Boer×Angora (BA), Boer×Feral (BF), Boer×Saanen (BS), Feral×Feral (FF), Saanen×Angora (SA) and Saanen×Feral (SF) and two slaughter weight groups, i.e. Capretto and Chevon (liveweight at slaughter 14–22 and 30–35kg, respectively) were compared for growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics. Due to their better growth rate, kids from BS and SF genotypes reached the required liveweight for slaughter earlier than kids from other genotypes used in the study. Chevon kids had a significantly (P<0.05) lower average daily gain (119g per day) compared to Capretto kids (171g per day). SA, SF and FF kids deposited more internal fat in comparison to kids from other genotypes. The dressing percentage of kids ranged from 51 to 54%, with significant differences between genotypes. BS and SF kids had longer carcasses, while BF kids had larger eye muscle area compared to other genotypes. Goat carcasses had a thin subcutaneous fat cover (1.6–2.2mm). Genotype had a significant (P<0.05) influence on cooking loss, pigment concentration and muscle colour parameters (CIE L*, a* and b* values). As denoted by the higher L* and fibre optic probe values and lower subjective muscle score, the longissimus muscle colour was lighter for BS kids than other genotypes. Cooked meat from the BF kids had lower shear force values and better sensory scores compared to other genotypes. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in muscle tenderness was observed from Capretto to Chevon carcasses, whereas cooked meat from these two slaughter weight groups was equally accepted (P>0.05) by the panellists.
Keywords: Carcass characteristics; Goat genotype; Growth; Meat quality

Part 2. Carcass composition and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The dissected carcass composition and fatty acid profiles of intermuscular fat from 110 male goat kids from six genotypes i.e. Boer×Angora (BA), Boer×Feral (BF), Boer×Saanen (BS), Feral×Feral (FF), Saanen×Angora (SA) and Saanen×Feral (SF) and two slaughter weight groups i.e. Capretto and Chevon (liveweight at slaughter 14–22 and 30–35kg, respectively) were compared. Carcass tissue distribution for various genotypes was: muscle (63–66%), fat (10–13%) and bone (21–24%). Genotype significantly (P<0.05) influenced the carcass composition; BA and FF carcasses had significantly higher muscle to bone ratio, while carcasses from BS kids were leaner compared to other genotypes. However, the two slaughter weight groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in terms of carcass composition, when compared at the same carcass weight. In the present study, significant (P<0.01) correlations were observed between percentage of muscle, fat and bone in most of the primal cuts and that in the carcass side. The main saturated fatty acids (SFAs) identified were palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), while oleic acid (18:1, ω9) was the main unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) in the intermuscular fat from goat kids. There were significant (P<0.05) differences between genotypes in the proportions of individual fatty acids. Adipose tissue from BS kids had significantly higher UFAs (mainly oleic acid) and thus had a significantly lower melting point compared to other genotypes. There were significantly higher proportions of palmitic acid (35%) in the adipose tissue from Capretto kids compared to that from Chevon kids (22%). The concentration of UFAs increased in the adipose tissue from Capretto to Chevon carcasses.
Keywords: Carcass composition; Fatty acids; Goat genotypes

The Place of Theory in Literary Criticism - Ndogo, S (Oasis, 2003)

Plenary Sessions and Simposia–Food - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Plenary Sessions and Simposia–Health - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Plenary Sessions and Simposia–Research - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Postgraduate Seminar Abstracts - Kenyatta University. Postgraduate Seminar (Kenyatta University., 2003)

Potential of micromachined photonics: miniaturization, scaling, and applications in continuously tunable vertical air-cavity filters - Hillmer, Hartmut; Daleiden, Juergen; Irmer, Soeren; Roemer, Friedhard; Prott, Cornelia; Tarraf, Amer; Strassner, Martin; Ataro, Edwin; Scholz, Thorsten (Laser Diodes, Optoelectronic Devices, and Heterogenous Integration, 2003)

Prevention of scours in neonatal kids after modification of management and experimental vaccination against Escherichia coli - S.K. Kritas; A.R. Burriel; A.H. Tzivara; A. Govaris; S.C. Kyriakis; H. Karatzias; J. Vlemmas (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate under field conditions, the role that right management and vaccination against Escherichia coli plays in the prevention of neonatal kid diarrhoea. To meet this objective, a goat farm of low management standards suffering from a neonatal diarrhoea problem caused by enteropathogenic strains of E. coli was selected. Three experimental groups of new-born kids with their mothers were formed: (a) the kids in Group I were raised under the management conditions already existing in the farm, and served as negative controls, (b) the kids in Group II were raised under improved conditions, including specially prepared warm and draft-free areas for kidding and nursing, and (c) the kids in Group III were raised under the improved conditions of Group II, but were born from does previously vaccinated for E. coli. The three groups were compared with regard to the incidence and duration of diarrhoea, and the mortality of kids. It was shown that, compared to the control group, neonatal morbidity and mortality were both reduced by a factor of 3 in Group II, and by factors of 9.5 and 12.5, respectively, in Group III (P<0.05). Also, the duration of diarrhoea was 3.7 and 12 times shorter in the kids of Groups II and III, respectively, when compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Samples of diarrhoeic faeces from kids in the control group resulted in the isolation of K88 and K99 strains of E. coli. It was concluded that specific vaccination of does followed by improvements in neonatal management may drastically reduce the development of E. coli scours in kids under field conditions.
Keywords: Diarrhoea; Goat; Prevention

Prevention of scours in neonatal kids after modification of management and experimental vaccination against Escherichia coli - S.K. Kritas; A.R. Burriel; A.H. Tzivara; A. Govaris; S.C. Kyriakis; H. Karatzias; J. Vlemmas (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate under field conditions, the role that right management and vaccination against Escherichia coli plays in the prevention of neonatal kid diarrhoea. To meet this objective, a goat farm of low management standards suffering from a neonatal diarrhoea problem caused by enteropathogenic strains of E. coli was selected. Three experimental groups of new-born kids with their mothers were formed: (a) the kids in Group I were raised under the management conditions already existing in the farm, and served as negative controls, (b) the kids in Group II were raised under improved conditions, including specially prepared warm and draft-free areas for kidding and nursing, and (c) the kids in Group III were raised under the improved conditions of Group II, but were born from does previously vaccinated for E. coli. The three groups were compared with regard to the incidence and duration of diarrhoea, and the mortality of kids. It was shown that, compared to the control group, neonatal morbidity and mortality were both reduced by a factor of 3 in Group II, and by factors of 9.5 and 12.5, respectively, in Group III (P<0.05). Also, the duration of diarrhoea was 3.7 and 12 times shorter in the kids of Groups II and III, respectively, when compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Samples of diarrhoeic faeces from kids in the control group resulted in the isolation of K88 and K99 strains of E. coli. It was concluded that specific vaccination of does followed by improvements in neonatal management may drastically reduce the development of E. coli scours in kids under field conditions.
Keywords: Diarrhoea; Goat; Prevention

Production efficiency of South African Mutton Merino lambs and Boer goat kids receiving either a low or a high energy feedlot diet - R Sheridan; A.V Ferreira; L.C Hoffman (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Individual feed consumption, utilisation, digestion efficiency and growth of 32 Boer goat (BG) kids and 32 South African Mutton Merino (MM) lambs were investigated after weaning. Two pelleted diets (fed to 16 animals per species) with either a low (LE, 9.89MJkg-1 DM) or a high (HE, 12.11MJkg-1 DM) metabolisable energy level were fed individually, ad lib, for either 28 or 56 days. MM had significantly higher average daily gains (ADG) than BG. Within a diet there was no significant difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) between BG and MM and only the MM FCE differed between the LE- and HE-diets. BG fed LE digested DM, CP and energy more efficiently and had a higher energy retention than MM fed LE. Neither species, nor diet affected N retention. The average daily gain of the MM on the LE-diet for 28 days was significantly lower than for those on the HE-diet. However, there was no significant difference between the ADG of BG on the high or low energy diets. These trends were similar in the group of animals that were fed for 56 days. These results indicate that Boer goats may be finished on a diet with a lower ME-value than is usually formulated for sheep, without a reduction in performance. This may render the BG economically viable for feedlot finishing.
Keywords: Boer goat kids; Digestibility; Feed efficiency; Feedlot; Merino lamb

Production efficiency of South African Mutton Merino lambs and Boer goat kids receiving either a low or a high energy feedlot diet - R Sheridan; A.V Ferreira; L.C Hoffman (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Individual feed consumption, utilisation, digestion efficiency and growth of 32 Boer goat (BG) kids and 32 South African Mutton Merino (MM) lambs were investigated after weaning. Two pelleted diets (fed to 16 animals per species) with either a low (LE, 9.89MJkg−1 DM) or a high (HE, 12.11MJkg−1 DM) metabolisable energy level were fed individually, ad lib, for either 28 or 56 days. MM had significantly higher average daily gains (ADG) than BG. Within a diet there was no significant difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) between BG and MM and only the MM FCE differed between the LE- and HE-diets. BG fed LE digested DM, CP and energy more efficiently and had a higher energy retention than MM fed LE. Neither species, nor diet affected N retention. The average daily gain of the MM on the LE-diet for 28 days was significantly lower than for those on the HE-diet. However, there was no significant difference between the ADG of BG on the high or low energy diets. These trends were similar in the group of animals that were fed for 56 days. These results indicate that Boer goats may be finished on a diet with a lower ME-value than is usually formulated for sheep, without a reduction in performance. This may render the BG economically viable for feedlot finishing.
Keywords: Boer goat kids; Digestibility; Feed efficiency; Feedlot; Merino lamb

Relationships among forage chemistry, rumination and retention time with intake and digestibility of hay by goats - S.W Coleman; S.P Hart; T Sahlu (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight species of forage, a cool-season perennial (tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)) and annual grass (winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)), four warm-season perennial grasses (caucasian (Bothriochloa caucasica), plains (B. ischaemum), old world bluestem, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides)), a warm season annual (crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)) and a perennial legume (alfalfa (Medicago sativa)), were each cut at two or three maturities to provide a wide array of quality difference (n=20). Twenty wether goats (Capra hicus) were fed the hays in four different trials using an incomplete block design so that four different goats received each hay. Alfalfa produced the highest (25gkg−1 body weight (BW)) and wheat the lowest (13.6gkg−1 BW) organic matter (OM) intake. A number of the grasses provided less than 20gkg−1 BW OM intake. Digestion of OM was also highest for alfalfa (>715gkg−1) and lowest for bermudagrass (508gkg−1). All measures and expressions of intake and digestibility were better related to ruminating and retention time than to forage chemistry, with the exception of crude protein digestibility. The best equations for predicting intake included a combination of mean retention time and forage acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (reciprocal and quadratic); that for digestibility included permanganate lignin (reciprocal), and the quadratic for ruminating and retention time. Equations for predicting the constraint on intake and digestible organic matter intake produced higher r2 than those for either intake or digestibility. Digestibility of ADF and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were poorly predicted with either chemistry (r2≤0.20), or ruminating time (r2=0.43), but combinations of permanganate lignin content of NDF, retention and ruminating time produced reasonable equations.
Keywords: Digestibility; Forage chemistry; Intake; Retention time; Rumination time

Relationships among forage chemistry, rumination and retention time with intake and digestibility of hay by goats - S.W Coleman; S.P Hart; T Sahlu (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight species of forage, a cool-season perennial (tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)) and annual grass (winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)), four warm-season perennial grasses (caucasian (Bothriochloa caucasica), plains (B. ischaemum), old world bluestem, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides)), a warm season annual (crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)) and a perennial legume (alfalfa (Medicago sativa)), were each cut at two or three maturities to provide a wide array of quality difference (n=20). Twenty wether goats (Capra hicus) were fed the hays in four different trials using an incomplete block design so that four different goats received each hay. Alfalfa produced the highest (25gkg-1 body weight (BW)) and wheat the lowest (13.6gkg-1 BW) organic matter (OM) intake. A number of the grasses provided less than 20gkg-1 BW OM intake. Digestion of OM was also highest for alfalfa (>715gkg-1) and lowest for bermudagrass (508gkg-1). All measures and expressions of intake and digestibility were better related to ruminating and retention time than to forage chemistry, with the exception of crude protein digestibility. The best equations for predicting intake included a combination of mean retention time and forage acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (reciprocal and quadratic); that for digestibility included permanganate lignin (reciprocal), and the quadratic for ruminating and retention time. Equations for predicting the constraint on intake and digestible organic matter intake produced higher r2 than those for either intake or digestibility. Digestibility of ADF and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were poorly predicted with either chemistry (r2<=0.20), or ruminating time (r2=0.43), but combinations of permanganate lignin content of NDF, retention and ruminating time produced reasonable equations.
Keywords: Digestibility; Forage chemistry; Intake; Retention time; Rumination time

Replacing soybean meal with sunflower seed meal in the ration of Awassi ewes and lambs - R.H. Irshaid; M.Y. Harb; H.H. Titi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate sunflower seed meal (SFM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBOM) in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking ewes. In the first experiment, 12 Awassi lambs were assigned into four groups to measure the digestibility of the SFM and experimental rations. The control group ration (1) contained SBOM while in the other two rations, SFM replaced SBOM at a level of 50% (2) and 100% (3), respectively. The fourth group was fed only SFM. No significant differences were observed between lambs fed the experimental rations in digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, NDF, ADF or N balance. NFE had a higher (P<0.05) digestibility for ration 1 than ration 2. In the second experiment, the voluntary feed intake was measured for the Awassi ewes during milking and dry period using 36 Awassi lactating ewes. For the two stages there were no significant differences between rations in voluntary intake. Milk yields (kg/herd per day), milk fat (%) and milk total solids (%) were not different among groups. In the third experiment, 42 lambs (males and females) were divided randomly into three treatment groups. Rations were the same experimental rations in the digestibility study. There were no significant differences in the average final BW, ADG and average feed conversion ratios (FCR) among the treatments. These experiments showed that SFM could replace SBOM as a protein source in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking Awassi ewes.
Keywords: Awassi ewes; Awassi lambs; Sunflower seed meal

Replacing soybean meal with sunflower seed meal in the ration of Awassi ewes and lambs - R.H. Irshaid; M.Y. Harb; H.H. Titi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate sunflower seed meal (SFM) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBOM) in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking ewes. In the first experiment, 12 Awassi lambs were assigned into four groups to measure the digestibility of the SFM and experimental rations. The control group ration (1) contained SBOM while in the other two rations, SFM replaced SBOM at a level of 50% (2) and 100% (3), respectively. The fourth group was fed only SFM. No significant differences were observed between lambs fed the experimental rations in digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, NDF, ADF or N balance. NFE had a higher (P<0.05) digestibility for ration 1 than ration 2. In the second experiment, the voluntary feed intake was measured for the Awassi ewes during milking and dry period using 36 Awassi lactating ewes. For the two stages there were no significant differences between rations in voluntary intake. Milk yields (kg/herd per day), milk fat (%) and milk total solids (%) were not different among groups. In the third experiment, 42 lambs (males and females) were divided randomly into three treatment groups. Rations were the same experimental rations in the digestibility study. There were no significant differences in the average final BW, ADG and average feed conversion ratios (FCR) among the treatments. These experiments showed that SFM could replace SBOM as a protein source in rations of fattening Awassi lambs and milking Awassi ewes.
Keywords: Awassi ewes; Awassi lambs; Sunflower seed meal

Sand Dams: Source of water in Arid and Semi Arid Lands of Kenya - Kibiiy, Joel K; others (Proceeding of the International Civil Engineering Conference on Sustainable Development in the 21st century, Nairobi, Kenya, 2003)

Satellite Meeting - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Seasonal dynamics and defoliation impact on herbage yield in aspen boreal habitats of Alberta - Donkor, Noble T; Okello, Moses M; Hudson, Robert J; Bork, Edward W (2003)

Serum retinol, iron status and body composition of lactating women in Nandi, Kenya - Ettyang, G. A.; van Marken Lichtenbelt, WD; Oloo, A; Saris, WHM (Annals of nutrition and metabolism, 2003)

Seven vulnerabilities in the pediatric research subject - Kipnis, K. (Theor Med Bioeth, 2003)

Social network analysis for health and social interventions among Kenyan scavenging street children - Ayuku, D.; Odero, W; Kaplan, C.; Bruyn, R.; Vries, M. (Health Policy Plan, 2003)

Social network analysis for health and social interventions among Kenyan scavenging street children - Ayuku, D.; Odero, W; Kaplan, C.; Bruyn, R.; Vries, M. (Heal Policy Plan, 2003)

Social network analysis for health and social interventions among Kenyan scavenging street children - Ayuku, David; Odero, Wilson; Kaplan, Charles; De Bruyn, Rene; De Vries, Marten (Health policy and planning, 2003)

Special Lectures - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Special Sessions/Debates - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

A study of the role of the sponsor in public secondary school administration in Kakamega district - Agweyu-Lugulu, Joyce MM (2003)

Study on frequency, etiology and some enzymatic activities of subclinical ovine mastitis in Urmia, Iran - R.A. Batavani; E. Mortaz; K. Falahian; M.A. Dawoodi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A total of 209 milk samples were collected from the udder halves of 178 native dairy ewes at 2 weeks after lambing until the 10th week postpartum. Those which were classified by bacterial culture and California Mastitis Test (CMT) as positive, were deemed to have glands with subclinical mastitis (SCM). The periodic prevalence rate of SCM was 39%. The most common bacterial isolates from SCM cases were coagulase negative staphylococci (41%), Bacillus cereus (33%), Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Streptococcus spp. (4%). The mean activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher in milk from SCM udders than in milk from healthy udders (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in blood serum LDH, ALP and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of healthy and subclinical mastitic ewes. The increment in LDH and ALP in milk of udders shows the presence of tissue damage provoked by SCM. Thus, these parameters might be suitable for use in the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in ewes.
Keywords: Enzyme; Etiology; Prevalence; Sheep; Subclinical mastitis

Study on frequency, etiology and some enzymatic activities of subclinical ovine mastitis in Urmia, Iran - R.A. Batavani; E. Mortaz; K. Falahian; M.A. Dawoodi (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A total of 209 milk samples were collected from the udder halves of 178 native dairy ewes at 2 weeks after lambing until the 10th week postpartum. Those which were classified by bacterial culture and California Mastitis Test (CMT) as positive, were deemed to have glands with subclinical mastitis (SCM). The periodic prevalence rate of SCM was 39%. The most common bacterial isolates from SCM cases were coagulase negative staphylococci (41%), Bacillus cereus (33%), Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and Streptococcus spp. (4%). The mean activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher in milk from SCM udders than in milk from healthy udders (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in blood serum LDH, ALP and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of healthy and subclinical mastitic ewes. The increment in LDH and ALP in milk of udders shows the presence of tissue damage provoked by SCM. Thus, these parameters might be suitable for use in the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in ewes.
Keywords: Enzyme; Etiology; Prevalence; Sheep; Subclinical mastitis

Subject Index Vol. 47, 2003 - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Oral Communications - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 402–464) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 465–556) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 557–606) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Submitted Posters (pp 607–650) - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Susceptibility to IVM in a field strain of Haemonchus contortus subjected to four treatments in a closed sheep–goat flock in Kenya - Gatongi,P.M.; J.M Njoroge; M.E. Scott; S. Ranjan; Gathuma,J.M.; Munyua,W.K.; Cheruiyot,H.; R.K. Prichard (Veterinary Parasitology, 2003)
Susceptibility to IVM (IVM) of “strain A” Haemonchus contortus which had been exposed to IVM four times over a 2-year period was compared to IVM susceptibility of “strain C” H. contortus which had no prior field exposure to IVM, by in vivo and in vitro methods. In vivo, the percentage reduction in faecal egg counts (FEC) and the total worm counts (TWC) were compared between control animals (lambs and kids) and animals treated with low dose IVM (20μg/kg). In vitro susceptibility to IVM was evaluated by larval migration inhibition (LMI) after the two strains of H. contortus were exposed to different concentrations of IVM. The dose response, measured as the proportion of larvae inhibited from migrating, was used to estimate LD50. Although differences in response to IVM in the in vivo determinations were not significant, “strain A” H. contortus had a significantly higher LD50 than “strain C” in the LMI assay. Coincident with the conduct of the in vivo experiment, it was observed that “strain A” H. contortus established and survived better than “strain C” in the control lambs.
Keywords: Faecal egg count reduction; Goats; IVM; Larval migration inhibition; Resistance; Sheep; Susceptibility; Total worm count

Susceptibility to natural gastro-intestinal nematode infection in different physiological stages in Jamunapari and Barbari goats in the semi-arid tropics - K.K Chauhan; P.K Rout; P.K Singh; A Mandal; H.N Singh; R Roy; S.K Singh (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Resistance to naturally acquired gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasite infections (predominantly Haemonchus) of 212 Jamunapari and 163 Barbari goats (does) were studied in different physiological stages, namely pregnant, dry and lactating stages in a semi-arid region of India. The faecal egg counts (FECs) for GI nematode infections were examined in different physiological stages in both the breeds in two periods, i.e. an early period (October–November) and a late period (February–March). Analysis was carried out on loge(FEC+100) transformed data, accounting for repeated records on does, during early and late periods. Breed had significant effect on FEC in early and late periods in pregnant, dry and lactating does. Breed by physiological interaction had significant effect on FEC in both the early and late periods. Jamunapari lactating goats had significantly higher FEC than that of dry and pregnant does but there was no peri-parturient rise in FEC in the resistant Barbari goats.
Keywords: Gastro-intestinal nematodes; Genetic resistance; Goats; Peri-parturient rise

Susceptibility to natural gastro-intestinal nematode infection in different physiological stages in Jamunapari and Barbari goats in the semi-arid tropics - K.K Chauhan; P.K Rout; P.K Singh; A Mandal; H.N Singh; R Roy; S.K Singh (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Resistance to naturally acquired gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasite infections (predominantly Haemonchus) of 212 Jamunapari and 163 Barbari goats (does) were studied in different physiological stages, namely pregnant, dry and lactating stages in a semi-arid region of India. The faecal egg counts (FECs) for GI nematode infections were examined in different physiological stages in both the breeds in two periods, i.e. an early period (October–November) and a late period (February–March). Analysis was carried out on loge(FEC+100) transformed data, accounting for repeated records on does, during early and late periods. Breed had significant effect on FEC in early and late periods in pregnant, dry and lactating does. Breed by physiological interaction had significant effect on FEC in both the early and late periods. Jamunapari lactating goats had significantly higher FEC than that of dry and pregnant does but there was no peri-parturient rise in FEC in the resistant Barbari goats.
Keywords: Gastro-intestinal nematodes; Genetic resistance; Goats; Peri-parturient rise

Under-development Debate and the problem of Poverty: (Theoretical Alternatives for Africa in Educational Perspectives, 2003)

Various schools of Philosophical thought about the subject matter that should be included in the early years of schooling curriculum - Syomwene, A.; Kitainge, K. M. (Reimagining Practice - Researching change: First international conference on cognition, languages and special education research., 2003)

Violence and alcohol : a study of injury presentations to Emergency Departments in Eldoret, Kenya : short research report - Odero, W; Ayuku, D. (African Safety Promotion, 2003)
The objective of this study was to estimate the extent of alcoholrelatedness in injury patients, with special reference to interpersonal violence. A cross-sectional hospital-based descriptive study was undertaken in Eldoret, Kenya, over a period of six months. Demographic and injury circumstances data were collected on trauma patients consecutively presenting to hospitals. Alcohol consumption was assessed by either blood analysis or breath test, using a Lion Alcolmeter-SD2, in patients aged 16 years and above who arrived within an interval of 10 hours from the time of injury. Of the 778 subjects evaluated for alcohol, 31.1% were positive (BAC >0.05 g/100ml). A greater proportion of assaulted patients (42.5%) tested positive for alcohol than those with road traffic injuries (23.3%) and falls (17.9%). Nearly a third of assaulted patients were intoxicated (BAC=>0.5g/100ml). Males were twice as likely as females to have been drinking prior to injury (OR=1.8; CI, 1.2-2.6). Young adults of ages 30-39 years were three times as likely to be involved in alcohol-related violence than adolescents aged 16-19 years (OR=3.1

Wide and continuous wavelength tuning of micro-cavity devices for optoelectronic applications - Tarraf, Amer; Ro, Friedhard; Prott, Cornelia; Ataro, Edwin; Strassner, Martin; Hillmer, Hartmut (Journal of Microlithography, Microfabrication and Microsystems, 2003)

Women librarians in Kenya: a study of their status and occupational characteristics - Majanja, Mabel; Kiplang’at, Joseph (Library management, 2003)

Writing her story: the woman and history in Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye's' Coming to birth' - Tom Michael Mboya (Nairobi Journal of Literature, 2003)

60 nm gate length dual-Vt CMOS for high performance applications - Mehrotra, M; Wu, J; Jain, A; Laaksonen, T; Kim, K; Bather, W; Koshy, R; Chen, J; Jacobs, J; Ukraintsev, V; others (2002 Symposium on VLSI Technology. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No. 01CH37303), 2002)

Aerobic pathogenic bacteria in post-operative wounds at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital - Andhoga, J; Macharia, AG; Maikuma, IR; Awnyonyi, ZS; Ayumba, BR; Kakai, R (East African medical journal, 2002)

African philosophy: the task of addressing contemporary social problems - Chukwu, Cletus N (Thought and Practice in African Philosophy, 2002)

Alternative breeding schemes for meat sheep in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Proceedings of the 7th world congress on genetics applied to livestock production, 2002)

Alternative breeding schemes for meat sheep in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livesto ck Production, 2002)

An assessment of the adequacy of school meals in meeting the nutritional requirements of girls in boarding secondary schools in Nairobi - Buluku, Elizabeth (Kenyatta University, 2002)

The Base Language Question in Ekegusii, Kiswahili, English, and Sheng Codeswitching in Kenya - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (Köln: Köppe, 2002)

Brewery wastewater treatment in a fluidised bed bioreactor - Ochieng, Aoyi; Ogada, Tom; Wekesa, Sisenda; Paul Wambua (Journal of hazardous materials, 2002)

Clients of female sex workers in Nyanza province, Kenya: a core group in STD/HIV transmission - Helene ACM Voeten; Omar B Egesah; Mark Y Ondiege; Corlien M Varkevisser; J Dik F Habbema (Sexually transmitted diseases, 2002)

Continuously tunable air-gap micro-cavity devices for optical communication systems - Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Ataro, Edwin; Prott, Cornelia; Rangelov, Ventzeslav; Römer, Friedhard; Strassner, Martin; Tarraf, Amer; Hillme, H (Proceedings of the SPIE ITCom 2002, 2002)

Detection of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: P-17 - Pytynia, Kristen B; Campbell, Bruce H; Kajdacsy-Balla, Andre A; Campbell, William B; Nithipatikom, Kasem (The Cancer Journal, 2002)

Educational publishing in African languages, with a focus on Swahili in Kenya - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori; Bosire-Ogechi, Emily (Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2002)

Enjeux et perspectives dans l’enseignement du Français Langue Etrangère à Moi University (Kenya). (UFR de Franche-comté, 2002)

Ethical considerations for research and treatment with runaway and homeless adolescents - Meade, M. A.; Slesnick, N. (J Psychol, 2002)

Ethics in international health research: A perspective from the developing world - Bhutta, Z. A. (Bull World Health Organ, 2002)

The ethics of paying for children's participation in research - Wendler, D.; Rackoff, J.; Emanuel, E.; Grady, C. (J Pediatr, 2002)

Hemp Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties - Paul Wambua; Ignaas Verpoest (10th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM-10), Brugge, Belgium, June 3rd – 7th 2002, 2002)

A history of the Sudan conflict - Too, Prisca Tanui (AFER, 2002)

Hydatid disease of the spine: case report - R T Kuremu; Khwa-Otsyula, B. O.; Svanvik, Joar; Bwombengi, OSG; Lelei, LK; Mathews, D (East African medical journal, 2002)

IDEOLOGY FOR THE LIBERATION OF WOMEN OF KENYA - Shigali, Roselyne Hellen (Critical Gender Discourse in Africa, 2002)

The impact of the structural adjustment programmes on Kenyan society - Rono, Joseph Kipkemboi (Journal of social development in Africa, 2002)

Introduction to philosophy in an African perspective - Chukwu, Cletus N (2002)

Kunyenga, ``real sex'', and survival: assessing the risk of HIV infection among urban street boys in Tanzania - Lockhart, C. (Med Anthr Q, 2002)

Kunyenga, ``real sex,'' and survival: assessing the risk of HIV infection among urban street boys in Tanzania - Lockhart, C. (Med Anthropol Q, 2002)

Kunyenga, ``Real Sex,'' and Survival: assessing the risk of HIV infection among urban street boys in Tanzania - Lockhart, C. (Med Anthropol Q, 2002)

Linguistic effects of English on ethnic languages: the case of Kenya (XV World Sociological Congress meeting, 2002)

Mechanical behaviour and ballistic impact response of hemp and flax fabric polypropylene composites - Paul Wambua; Vangrimde, Bart; Lomov, Stepan Vladimirovitch; Verpoest, Ignace (Proc. 23rd Risö International Symposium on Materials Science, 2002)

Model calculations of vertical cavity air-gap filters and VCSELs for ultra-wide continuous tuning - Prott, Cornelia; Römer, Friedhard; Ataro, Edwin; Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Strassner, M; Tarraf, Amer; Hillmer, Hartmut (Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland, 2002)

Molecular markers in epidemiological monitoring of the spread of resistance to antimalarials: a review - Nyamwange, CI; Nyamogoba, H (East African medical journal, 2002)

The Novel and the Politics of Nation Building in East Africa - Nazareth, Peter; Simatei, Tirop (World Literature Today, 2002)

A novel low-cost and simple fabrication technology for tunable dielectric active and passive optical air-gap devices - Tarraf, Amer; Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Rangelov, Ventzeslav; Römer, Friedhard; Prott, Cornelia; Ataro, Edwin; Hillmer, Hartmut; Fuhrmann, Thomas; Spehr, Till; others (Proceedings of Photonic Fabrication Europe, Brugge Belgium, 2002)

A novel low-cost tunable dielectric air-gap filter - Tarraf, A; Daleiden, J; Romer, F; Prott, C; Rangelov, V; Irmer, S; Ataro, E; Hillmer, H (Optical MEMs, 2002. Conference Digest. 2002 IEEE/LEOS International Conference on, 2002)

Objective: To determine the pattern of surgically managed peptic ulcer disease. Design: A retrospective study. - R T Kuremu (East African Medical Journal, 2002)

Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections and sexual risk behavior among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Taffa, N.; Bjune, G.; Sundby, J.; Gaustad, P.; Alestrom, A. (Sex Transm Dis., 2002)

Publishing in Kiswahili and indigenous languages for enhanced adult literacy in Kenya - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (2002)

Reforming Kenya's company law: lessons from other countries - Chebii, JK (East African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 2002)

The role of society in the woman's subordination in selected works of Bessie Head - Opondo, Rose A (University of Nairobi, 2002)

Safranin staining of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts not requiring microwave heating - Maratim, AC; Kamar, KK; Ngindu, A.; Akoru, CN; Diero, L; Sidle, J. (British journal of biomedical science, 2002)

A study of the diminishing prestige of the teaching profession in Kenya a case study of Nairobi province. - Opondo, Rose; others (University of Nairobi, 2002)

Surgical management of peptic ulcer disease - R T Kuremu (East African medical journal, 2002)

Survey of faecal parasites in patients from western Kenya. - Ngindu, A.; Kamar, K; Choge, A; Maritim, A; Akoru, C; Diero, L; Smith, J; Bartlett, M (Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 2002)

Theoretical assessment of alternative pure-breeding schemes for sheep meat in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2002)

Theoretical assessment of alternative pure-breeding schemes for sheep meat in the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van der Werf, JHJ; Kinghorn, BP; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 2002)

Trilingual Codeswitching in Kenya-Evidence from Ekegusii - Nathan O. Ogechi (Kiswahili, English and Sheng: Dissertation zur Erlangung der Wurde des Doktors der Philosophie der Universitat Hamburg, 2002)

The understanding and performance of basic Mathematical concepts in both seeing and children who are blind - Festo M Ndonye (Special Needs Education (SNE), 2002)

Use of wireless technology and other forms of ICTs in bridging the digital divide in the communication of agricultural information in Sub-Saharan Africa - Kiplang’at, J (TJD Bothma & A Kaniki, 2002)

Utegemezi au utegemeano baina ya Kenya na Tanzania katika ukuzaji na uendelezaji wa Kiswahili nchini Kenya? - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (2002)

Application of Ground Charcoal in the Removal of Organic Matter in Water Treatment - Simon, Mburu, Njoroge; Ngari, S. K.; Njoroge, B. N. K (East African journal of Engineering, 2001)

Breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics - Kosgey, I; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Book of abstracts no. 7: 52nd Meeting of the European Association foa Animal Production, Budapest, 2001, 2001)

Breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics - Kosgey, I; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Book of abstracts no. 7: 52nd Meeting of the European Association foa Animal Production, Budapest, 2001, 2001)

Breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics. Paper at 52nd meet - IS Kosgey; Arendonk, JAMV; RL Baker (European Assoc. Anim. Prod., Budapest, Hungary, 2001)

Determining optimal size and operational efficiency of Nandi secondary schools - Kosgei, ZK (Unpublished master of philosophy Thesis, Moi University, 2001)

Ethics and participation: Reflections on research with street children - Young, L.; Barrett, H. (Ethics, Place Environ, 2001)

Foreign Aid and African Development Dilemma, New Times, Kigali (2001)

Formation of ultrafine scale structures in aluminium containing small amounts of particles by conventional rolling deformation - Yuanding, Huang; Liu, YL; Paul Wambua (Journal of materials science, 2001)

Head and neck - Weber, RS; Abemayor, E; Adams, GL; Adelstein, DJ; Alavi, A; Alford, Eugene; Al-Sarraf, M; Alvi, A; Ambinder, R; Amdur, R; others (Head and Neck, 2001)

Health problems of street children in Eldoret Kenya - Ayaya, S.; Esamai, F. (East Afr Med J, 2001)

Kiswahili: A Tool for Development: the Multidisciplinary Approach - Shitemi, Naomi L; Noordin, Mwanakombo N; Opijah, Allan L; Mukuria, Davies M (Moi University Press, 2001)

Meaning in benga music of western Kenya - Barz G. (British Journal of Ethnomusicology, 2001)

Medical cases admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital ICU and their outcome: a five year retrospective study January 1995-December 199 - Werunga, Protus K (University of Nairobi, CHS, Kenya, 2001)

The Missing Links (A Novel – 309 Pages) - T.0. Odongo (East African Educational Publishers, 2001)

The novel and the politics of nation building in East Africa - Simatei, Tirop Peter (Bayreuth African Studies, 2001)

Politics And Gender In Kiswahili Drama: The Case Of Mazrui's Kilio Cha Haki And Wamitila's Wingu La Kupita - Peter Simatei (African Language Literatures in Political Contexts, Bayreuth:Bayreuth African Studies Series, 2001)

Privatization or Foreignisation; A Panacea for African economic Inefficiency paper written for New Times newspaper in Kigali (2001)

Relative importance of conservation areas in Kenya based on diverse tourist attractions - Okello, Moses Makonjio; Wishitemi, Bobby Ernest; Mwinzi, Avignon Muusya; others (Journal of Tourism Studies, 2001)

The role of telecentres in the provision of agricultural information for rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa - Kiplangat, Joseph (Quarterly bulletin of the International Association of Agricultural information specialists, 2001)

Strategic responses of petroleum firms in Kenya to challenges of increased competition in the industry - Chepkwony, Joel K (University of Nairobi, 2001)

Tumor utilization committee - Ang, Kian; Byhardt, Roger; Campbell, Bruce; Chapman, J Donald; Eisenberg, Burton; Greven, Kathryn; Harris, Jonathan; Hoffman, John; Lange, Christopher; McCormick, Beryl; others (International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2001)

Using Evaluation in Training and Development - Odini, Cephas (Journal of Management Development, 2001)

When anthelmintics do not work - Gatongi,P.M. (The Kenya Veterinarian, 2001)

Who is a true African Hero: Mandela or Nyerere (2001)

Candidate's thesis: quality of life and recurrence concern in survivors of head and neck cancer - Campbell, Bruce H; Marbella, Anne; Layde, Peter M (The Laryngoscope, 2000)

Control Strategies of HIV/AIDS in Kenya - Ruttoh, Simon K (Reproductive Health of Humankind in Asia and Africa: A Global Perspective, 2000)

“Disillusionment”. - T. O. Odongo (Poem published in Echoes Across the Valley, 2000)

How to Find Meaning in Poetry - Mboya, Tom M (Western Educational Publishers, 2000)

''Kenya's Foreign Policy and Africas Conflict management,'' - Kurgat, Dr. Paul K. (G. P. Okoth & B. A. Ogot, - CONFLICT IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA, 2000)

Nation-Building and Literary Imagination in East Africa: A Brief Survey - Peter Simatei (Afrika im Wandel. Tagungsband des DFG Graduiertenkollegs, 2000)

Publishing and distribution of educational books in Kenya: a study of market liberalisation and book consumption - Rotich, Daniel Chebutuk (Moi University, 2000)

A randomised open clinical trial to compare Dihydroartemisinin suppositories and intravenous Quinine dihydrochloride in the treatment of severe P. Falciparum Malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya - Ongor WO (2000)

A randomised open label clinical trial to compare the efficacy and safety of I. V Quinine followed by oral Malarone Vs IV Quinine followed by oral Quinine in the treatment of severe malaria( - Esama, F.; Tenge, CN; Ayuo, P.O.; Ong'or, W.Owino; A. O bala; Ejakait, B. (Journal of Tropical Paediatrics, 2000)

Rectal dihydroartemisinin versus intravenous quinine in the treatment of severe malaria: a randomised clinical trial - Esamai, F.; Ayuo, P; Owino-Ong’or, W.; Rotich, J.; Ngindu, A.; A. O bala; Ogaro, F.; Quoqiao, L.; Xingbo, G.; Guangqian, L. ((East African Medical journal, 2000)

Role of Principal-ship in the outcome based Environment - D.K., Serem (Maseno Journal of Education, Arts and Social Sciences, 2000)

The role of the Christian church in socio-economic and political development in Kenya - Kamaara, Eunice (Journal of Third World Studies, 2000)

SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KENAF/POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES PREPARED USING A FILM STACKING TECHNIQUE. - Paul Wambua; Jan Ivens (Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 2000)

Strategic Management for Today’s Libraries - Odini, Cephas (Library Management, 2000)

Textbook publishing in Kenya under a new policy on school textbook procurement - Rotich, Daniel Chebutuk (Publishing Research Quarterly, 2000)

Tongue reconstruction with a combined brachioradialis-radial forearm flap - Sanger, James R; Campbell, Bruce H; Ye, Zhong; Yousif, N John; Matloub, Hani S (Journal of reconstructive microsurgery, 2000)

Traitement des dechets d'origine petroliere au Ghana - A. Kumar; K. Boakye (Environment Africain, 2000)
Les huiles issues de déchets pétroliers ont des effets négatifs sur l'environnement. Même si elles ne sont pas toxiques, elles peuvent affecter négativement l'environnement si elles ne sont pas correctement mises en décharge. Une étude a été menée au Ghana pour estimer la quantité produite d'huiles de lubrification issues de produits pétroliers, leur utilisation et le schéma de mise en décharge. Un total de 184 unités a été étudié. Outre à Accra, la capitale, l'étude a été réalisée dans des grandes villes et dans des régions d'industries minières. Une grande partie des huiles aboutit sous forme de déchets qui sont jetés au hasard ou brûlés à l'air libre. Un point encourageant au sujet de la réutilisation est la disponibilité de certaines industries à utiliser ces huiles comme combustibles. Mais l'effet à long terme sur l'environnement du brûlage des huiles usagées non traitées doit être pris en considération dans la mesure où ces huiles contiennent des métaux comme additifs qui sont relâchés dans l'atmosphère en cas de brûlage. L'agence de protection de l'environnement du Ghana n'a pas de telles réglementations restreignant le brûlage des huiles usagées pour leur utilisation en tant que combustibles.

Using Evaluation in Training and Development - Odini, Cephas (International Journal of Manpower, 2000)

Uswahilishaji wa istilahi katika baadhi ya vipengele vya taaluma ya Uchanganuzi Usemaji: Mfuatano, Udokezwa na Matendo Usemi - Opijah, Allan Lennox (Chakita, 2000)

Voyaging on the mists of memory: MG Vassanji and the Asian quest/ion in East Africa - Peter Simatei (English studies in Africa, 2000)

An abattoir survey on the occurrence and prevalence of swine parasitic helminths of public health and economic importance in kenya - Lagat, Charles K (University of Nairobi, 1999)

An analysis of the opportunities for information technology in improving access, transfer and the use of agricultural information in the rural areas of Kenya - Kiplang’at, Joseph (Library Management, 1999)

A community-based health intervention programme in pastoral and agricultural Pokot communities in Western Kenya - Ettyang, G. (Acta Paediatrica, 1999)

The Concert and the Mwananchi. - Mboya, T.M.; Mwangi, Evan.; Tobias Otieno.; Opiyo Mumma. (Emerging Patterns for the Third Millennium, 1999)

C.T. Findings in Head Scans at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital - Elias, G.D.O. (East African Medical Journal, 1999)

Foundations for effective strategies to control sexually transmitted infections: voices from rural Kenya - W. Moss; M. Benteley; S. Maman; Ayuku, D.; Egesah,O.; M. Sweat; P. Nyarango; J. Zenilman; A. Chemtai; N. Halsey (AIDS CARE, 1999)

Geneflow and Cumulative discounted Revenues of Dairy Cattle Cross-Breeding Schemes - IS Kosgey; Bebe, B O [Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro (Kenya)]; Kahi, A K [Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480), Hohenheim University, 70593 Stuttgart (Germany)]; Arendonk, J A.M.V. [Department ofAnimal Breeding, Wageningen Institute of Animal Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, (Netherlands)] (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Nairobi (Kenya), 1999)
A simulation study Using Matrix formulation was used to asses the flow of genes from the nucleus to the commercial population for three nucleus dairy cattle crossbreeding schemes involving indigenous (Zebu or native ) and exotic (European) animals under Kenyan conditions: Artificial insemination (A.I.) or natural mating Fsub 1 production, continuous crossbred (Fsub 2 inter se) production and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) Fsub 1 production. The latter two schemes used MOET in the nucleus. cumulative discounted expressions (CDES) and cumulative discounted Revenues (CDR) were calculated to rank these schemes. The Pathways considered were sires and dams to produce sires and dams. The evaluation Criterion was milk production measured in age class 3 through 10 in Fsub 1 and Fsub 2 cow populations. the schemes were evaluated over a 30-year projected period with assumed interest rates of 0% and 10%. Further, the genetic level between the indigenous nucleus animals, the Fsub 1 males and commercial female population was calculated by defining the incidence vector h as the difference between the three groups. The Fsub 1 A.I. or natural scheme had higher CDES of 0.978 and 0.161 at 0% and 10% interest rates respectively. The corresponding values for Fsub 1 MOET scheme were 0.735 and 0.070 and those of Fsub 2 inter se were 0.676 and 0.079 at 0% and 10% interest rates, respectively. For a nucleus with 64 dams, CDR (US$) were 95.50 and 15.80 at 0% and 10% interest rates, respectively for Fsub 1 A.I. or natural scheme. The Fsub 1 MOET scheme had corresponding values of 62.05 and 6.90 while Fsub 2 inter se had 66.10 and 7.75. Under both interest rates, the Fsub 1 A.I. or natural mating schemes had higher CDES and CDR than the other two schemes and is faster in dissemination of genes to the commercial population. Fsub 2 inter se was intermediate. The genetic level of nucleus animal is higher than of Fsub 1 male and females because indigenous nucleus females contribute 50% of the genes. Fsub 2 cows are expected to lag behind Fsub 1 males genetically because the latter are used as parents of Fsub 2 cows. In conclusion, although CDES and CDR are higher for the Fsub 1 A.I. or natural mating schemes using inter se mating are promising in terms of logistics and combination of breed effects as indicated in other studies.
Keywords: 29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY AND ECONOMY; AGRICULTURE; ANIMAL BREEDING; COMPILED DATA; GENES; Kenya; Productivity; REPRODUCTION

Geneflow and Cumulative discounted Revenues of Dairy Cattle Cross-Breeding Schemes - IS Kosgey; Bebe, B O [Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro (Kenya)]; Kahi, A K [Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics; Subtropics (480), Hohenheim University, 70593 Stuttgart (Germany)]; Arendonk, J A.M.V. [Department ofAnimal Breeding, Wageningen Institute of Animal Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, (Netherlands)] (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Nairobi (Kenya), 1999)
A simulation study Using Matrix formulation was used to asses the flow of genes from the nucleus to the commercial population for three nucleus dairy cattle crossbreeding schemes involving indigenous (Zebu or native ) and exotic (European) animals under Kenyan conditions: Artificial insemination (A.I.) or natural mating Fsub 1 production, continuous crossbred (Fsub 2 inter se) production and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) Fsub 1 production. The latter two schemes used MOET in the nucleus. cumulative discounted expressions (CDES) and cumulative discounted Revenues (CDR) were calculated to rank these schemes. The Pathways considered were sires and dams to produce sires and dams. The evaluation Criterion was milk production measured in age class 3 through 10 in Fsub 1 and Fsub 2 cow populations. the schemes were evaluated over a 30-year projected period with assumed interest rates of 0% and 10%. Further, the genetic level between the indigenous nucleus animals, the Fsub 1 males and commercial female population was calculated by defining the incidence vector h as the difference between the three groups. The Fsub 1 A.I. or natural scheme had higher CDES of 0.978 and 0.161 at 0% and 10% interest rates respectively. The corresponding values for Fsub 1 MOET scheme were 0.735 and 0.070 and those of Fsub 2 inter se were 0.676 and 0.079 at 0% and 10% interest rates, respectively. For a nucleus with 64 dams, CDR (US$) were 95.50 and 15.80 at 0% and 10% interest rates, respectively for Fsub 1 A.I. or natural scheme. The Fsub 1 MOET scheme had corresponding values of 62.05 and 6.90 while Fsub 2 inter se had 66.10 and 7.75. Under both interest rates, the Fsub 1 A.I. or natural mating schemes had higher CDES and CDR than the other two schemes and is faster in dissemination of genes to the commercial population. Fsub 2 inter se was intermediate. The genetic level of nucleus animal is higher than of Fsub 1 male and females because indigenous nucleus females contribute 50% of the genes. Fsub 2 cows are expected to lag behind Fsub 1 males genetically because the latter are used as parents of Fsub 2 cows. In conclusion, although CDES and CDR are higher for the Fsub 1 A.I. or natural mating schemes using inter se mating are promising in terms of logistics and combination of breed effects as indicated in other studies.
Keywords: 29 ENERGY PLANNING; AGRICULTURE; ANIMAL BREEDING; COMPILED DATA; GENES; Kenya; POLICY AND ECONOMY; Productivity; REPRODUCTION

Geneflow and Cumulative discounted Revenues of Dairy Cattle Cross-Breeding Schemes - IS Kosgey; Bebe, B.O.; Kahi, A.K.; Arendonk, JAMV (1999)

Helminth control in small ruminants in Kenya, a sustainable approach - The Veterinary Profession in a changing environment. - Gatongi,P.M.; Bain, R.K.; Mugambi,J.M. (Special issue of The Kenya Veterinarian, 1999)

The impact of Islam on witchcraft and sorcery among the Adigo community - Ndzovu, Hassan Juma (1999)

The innervated gracilis musculocutaneous flap for total tongue reconstruction. - Yousif, N John; Dzwierzynski, William W; Sanger, James R; Matloub, Hani S; Campbell, Bruce H (Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 1999)

Management of teachers in teachers training programme for both blind and regular teachers in Africa - F. M. Ndonye (Africa Conference for the Education of persons with Visual Impairments (ICEVI), 1999)

Methodological and ethical issues in research with street children - Hutz, C. S.; Koller, S. H. (New Dir Child Adolesc Dev, 1999)

Mwongozo wa Siku Njema - Omari, Samuel M. Obuchi; J. O. (ZAPF Chancery, 1999)

Reproductive and sexual health problems of adolescent girls in Kenya: A challenge to the church - Kamaara, Eunice (Reproductive Health Matters, 1999)

Screening for cancers of the head and neck: addressing the problem - Ellison, Matthew D; Campbell, Bruce H (Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America, 1999)

SECTION 2: THE IMPORTANCE OF A COMFORTABLE WOMB: SUBOPTIMAL CONDITIONS CAN BE DEALT WITH-A community-based health intervention programme in pastoral and agricultural Pokot communities in Western - Ettyang, G. A. (Acta Paediatrica-International Journal of Paediatrics-Supplements, 1999)

Training and development of skills in a changing information environment - Odini, Cephas (Library management, 1999)

Versions and Inversions: Mau Mau in Kahiga's" Dedan Kimathi: The Real Story" - Peter Simatei (Research in African Literatures, 1999)

Assessment of Physical Fitness Components as Predication factors of Long Jump performance among female undergraduate students of Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences-Delhi University - Ngetich, EDK (Unpublished MP Ed Thesis. Delhi University, New Delhi, India, 1998)

Association between drug use patterns and HIV risks among homeless, runaway, and street youth in northern California - Gleghorn, A. A.; Marx, R.; Vittinghoff, E.; Katz, M. H. (Drug Alcohol Depend, 1998)

Dynamics of ungulate-plant grazing systems. - Okello, Moses Makonjio (1998)

The editors would like to thank the following people who have acted as referees during the academic year 1997-8: M. Abdel Fadil PF Aiello - Aldred, J; Amin, A; Arase, D; Araujo, JT; Archibugi, D; Arestis, P; Bachmann, R; Baranzini, M; Barker, TS; Barrowclough, DV; others (Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1998)

Environmental Impact Assessment of a Booming Macro and Micro Enterprises (MME'S): Mitigating Strategies in Terms of Technology and Management in Eldoret Kenya - Kigsley Ofosu-Asiedu; Anil Kumar; Emmanuel K Baah-Ennum (Proceedings of the Third International Congress SITHOK-3 Maribor Slovenia, 1998)

Epidemiological aspects of Fournier's gangrene at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. - Ayumba, BR; Magoha, GA (East African medical journal, 1998)

Excess effective Debye temperature of binary mixtures of nonelectrolytes - Torongey, PK; Ramanjappa, T; Manohara Murthy, N (Indian journal of pure & applied physics, 1998)

Getting books to school pupils in Africa - Rosenberg, Diana; Radebe, Thuli; Sidibe, Amadou Bekaye; Amaral, Wanda Do; Odini, Cephas (1998)

Hypobiosis of Haemonchus contortus in natural infections of sheep and goats in a semi-arid area of Kenya - Gatongi,P.M.; R.K. Prichard; S. Ranjan; Gathuma,J.M.; Munyua,W.K.; Cheruiyot,H.; M.E. Scott (Veterinary Parasitology, 1998)
A total of 42 lambs, 42 kids, 21 ewes and 21 does were necropsied during an investigation of the epidemiology of Haemonchus contortus infection of sheep (Red Maasai) and goats (Small East African Goat) in a semi-arid area of Kenya. Availability and establishment of the infective stages were monitored by the necropsy of 21 tracer lambs and 21 tracer kids. Prevalence of H. contortus was over 90% in both sheep and goats and this species contributed to about 80% of the total worm burden. Only about 10% of the hypobiotic larvae were recovered from the mucosal digest whereas about 90% were recovered from the abomasal contents and washings, thereby suggesting that hypobiotic larvae may be loosely attached to the abomasal mucosa from which they may be dislodged during the processing of the abomasa for examination. Throughout the study, both adult worms and hypobiotic larvae were found in proportions that varied with seasons. Statistically, a higher proportion of hypobiotic larvae was found during the dry months than during the wet months, an indication that hypobiosis was an important feature in the survival of H. contortus during the dry months. Negligible worm burdens were acquired by the tracers during the short rains, suggesting that few H. contortus larvae survived on pasture in this season. The effectiveness of strategic control using ivermectin varied according to the timing in relation to the wet season. Treatment did not influence the seasonal pattern of hypobiosis but the treatment administered before the onset of the rains significantly reduced the numbers of both hypobiotic larvae and the adult worms. Treatment during the rains conferred a temporary relief of adult worm burden but had no impact on hypobiotic larvae.
Keywords: Hypobiosis; Long rains; Seasons; Sheep and goats; Short rains

Improvement of indigenous poultry production in Sub-Saharan Africa - Ndegwa, JM; Tchombe, T; Kabuage, LW; Mukkibi-Muka, G; IS Kosgey (A paper presented at the International Course on Intensive Poultry Production held at the Centre for International Agricultural Development Co-operation (CINADCO) Kibbutz Shefayim, 1998)

Improvements of indigenous poultry production in Sub-Sahara Africa: International Course on Intensive Poultry Production, Centre for International Agricultural Development Co-Operation (CINADCO) - Ndegwa, JM; Kabuage, LW; IS Kosgey; Mukiibi-Muka, G; Tchombe, P (Centre for International Agricultural Development Co-Operation (CINADCO), Tel Aviv, Israel, 1998)

Influence of production circumstances and economic evaluation criteria on economic comparison of breeds and breed crosses - Kahi, A.K.; IS Kosgey; Cardoso, V.L.; JAM Van Arendonk (Journal of Dairy Science, 1998)

Influence of Production Circumstances and Economic Evaluation Criteria on Economic Comparison of Breeds and Breed Crosses - Kahi, A.K.; IS Kosgey; Cardoso, V.L.; JAM Van Arendonk (Journal of Dairy ScienceJournal of Dairy Science, 1998)
The ranking of genotypes (i.e., breeds and breed crosses) for economic performance depends on the production circumstances of the herd and the criteria for economic evaluation. In this study, the effects of evaluation criteria and production circumstance are quantified using data from the literature on six genotypes. The economic evaluation criteria measured at herd level included lifetime profit and lifetime profit expressed per day of calving interval, per day of productive lifetime, per day of total herd life, per unit of milk, and per unit of feed energy. Four production circumstances were studied; these circumstances included constraints on the output of milk and on herd use of concentrates, roughages, and both concentrates and roughages. Profit was determined based on the sale of milk, calves, cull cows, and heifers and the expenses incurred for concentrates and roughages, animal deaths, milking time, interest, and other inputs.Results indicate that production circumstances and evaluation criteria largely influence the ranking of genotypes and, therefore, the outcome of economic comparisons. The genotype that ranks the best under a certain criteria and circumstance ranks differently when these situations are altered. In economic comparisons of genotypes aimed at offering recommendations for implementation in smallholder dairy production systems in the tropics, the choice of the evaluation criteria should be determined by the limitation or constraint that characterizes the area where the genotypes are to produce or are currently producing. For example, for situations in which feed availability is limiting, genotypes should be ranked on total profit per unit of feed energy.The ranking of genotypes (i.e., breeds and breed crosses) for economic performance depends on the production circumstances of the herd and the criteria for economic evaluation. In this study, the effects of evaluation criteria and production circumstance are quantified using data from the literature on six genotypes. The economic evaluation criteria measured at herd level included lifetime profit and lifetime profit expressed per day of calving interval, per day of productive lifetime, per day of total herd life, per unit of milk, and per unit of feed energy. Four production circumstances were studied; these circumstances included constraints on the output of milk and on herd use of concentrates, roughages, and both concentrates and roughages. Profit was determined based on the sale of milk, calves, cull cows, and heifers and the expenses incurred for concentrates and roughages, animal deaths, milking time, interest, and other inputs.Results indicate that production circumstances and evaluation criteria largely influence the ranking of genotypes and, therefore, the outcome of economic comparisons. The genotype that ranks the best under a certain criteria and circumstance ranks differently when these situations are altered. In economic comparisons of genotypes aimed at offering recommendations for implementation in smallholder dairy production systems in the tropics, the choice of the evaluation criteria should be determined by the limitation or constraint that characterizes the area where the genotypes are to produce or are currently producing. For example, for situations in which feed availability is limiting, genotypes should be ranked on total profit per unit of feed energy.

Influence of Production Circumstances and Economic Evaluation Criteria on Economic Comparison of Breeds and Breed Crosses - Kahi, A.K.; IS Kosgey; Cardoso, V.L.; JAM Van Arendonk (Journal of Dairy ScienceJournal of Dairy Science, 1998)
The ranking of genotypes (i.e., breeds and breed crosses) for economic performance depends on the production circumstances of the herd and the criteria for economic evaluation. In this study, the effects of evaluation criteria and production circumstance are quantified using data from the literature on six genotypes. The economic evaluation criteria measured at herd level included lifetime profit and lifetime profit expressed per day of calving interval, per day of productive lifetime, per day of total herd life, per unit of milk, and per unit of feed energy. Four production circumstances were studied; these circumstances included constraints on the output of milk and on herd use of concentrates, roughages, and both concentrates and roughages. Profit was determined based on the sale of milk, calves, cull cows, and heifers and the expenses incurred for concentrates and roughages, animal deaths, milking time, interest, and other inputs.Results indicate that production circumstances and evaluation criteria largely influence the ranking of genotypes and, therefore, the outcome of economic comparisons. The genotype that ranks the best under a certain criteria and circumstance ranks differently when these situations are altered. In economic comparisons of genotypes aimed at offering recommendations for implementation in smallholder dairy production systems in the tropics, the choice of the evaluation criteria should be determined by the limitation or constraint that characterizes the area where the genotypes are to produce or are currently producing. For example, for situations in which feed availability is limiting, genotypes should be ranked on total profit per unit of feed energy.The ranking of genotypes (i.e., breeds and breed crosses) for economic performance depends on the production circumstances of the herd and the criteria for economic evaluation. In this study, the effects of evaluation criteria and production circumstance are quantified using data from the literature on six genotypes. The economic evaluation criteria measured at herd level included lifetime profit and lifetime profit expressed per day of calving interval, per day of productive lifetime, per day of total herd life, per unit of milk, and per unit of feed energy. Four production circumstances were studied; these circumstances included constraints on the output of milk and on herd use of concentrates, roughages, and both concentrates and roughages. Profit was determined based on the sale of milk, calves, cull cows, and heifers and the expenses incurred for concentrates and roughages, animal deaths, milking time, interest, and other inputs.Results indicate that production circumstances and evaluation criteria largely influence the ranking of genotypes and, therefore, the outcome of economic comparisons. The genotype that ranks the best under a certain criteria and circumstance ranks differently when these situations are altered. In economic comparisons of genotypes aimed at offering recommendations for implementation in smallholder dairy production systems in the tropics, the choice of the evaluation criteria should be determined by the limitation or constraint that characterizes the area where the genotypes are to produce or are currently producing. For example, for situations in which feed availability is limiting, genotypes should be ranked on total profit per unit of feed energy.

Malignant melanoma of the external auditory canal - Milbrath, Mary M; Campbell, Bruce H; Madiedo, Gonzalo; Janjan, Nora A (American journal of clinical oncology, 1998)

Management of Fournier's gangrene at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. - Ayumba, BR; Magoha, GA (East African medical journal, 1998)

Orientations of Drama, Theatre and Culture: Cultural Identity and Community Development - Opiyo Mumma; Evan Mwangi; Christopher Odhiambo (Kenya Drama/Theatre Education Association, 1998)

An overview of recent library and information developments in East Africa - Odini, Cephas (Library management, 1998)

Planned postradiotherapy neck dissection in patients with advanced head and neck cancer - Boyd, Timothy S; Harari, Paul M; Tannehill, Scott P; Voytovich, Marta C; Hartig, Gregory K; Ford, Charles N; Foote, Robert L; Campbell, Bruce H; Schultz, Christopher J (Head & Neck: Journal for the Sciences and Specialties of the Head and Neck, 1998)

Potential Sci. 77, 2415–2427. benefit and implementation of nucleus breeding scheme for Talbott, CW, 1994. Potential to increase milk yield efficiency in milk production from crossbred cattle in Kenya - IS Kosgey; JAM Van Arendonk; Kahi, A.K. (Conference tropical countries. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State Universiheld on, 1998)

Proximate chemical composition of street foods and their energy and protein contribution to the nutrition of manual workers in Nairobi - Korir, Salome CR; Imungi, Jasper K; Muroki, Nelson M (Ecology of food and nutrition, 1998)

Report of the first case of invasive fungal sinusitis caused by Scopulariopsis acremonium: review of Scopulariopsis infections - Ellison, Matthew D; Hung, Richard T; Harris, Kevin; Campbell, Bruce H (Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 1998)

The Spectre of Famines and Food crisis in Africa - Paul A. Opondo (Nation Newspaper, 1998)

The Spectre of Famines and Food crisis in Africa An article presented for essay competition with nation Newspapers (1998)

vital statistics of Florida dairy cows - Kahi, A.K.; IS Kosgey; Cardoso, V.L.; JAM Van Arendonk (J. Dairy Sci, 1998)

AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among South African street youth: reflections on power, sexuality and the autonomous self - Swart-Kruger, J.; Richter, L. M. (Soc Sci Med, 1997)

An Economic History of Ugenya Western Kenya - M.Phil (1997)

The editors would like to thank the following people who have acted as referees during the academic year 1996-7: M. Abdel-Fadil J. Amariglio - Amin, A; Andretsch, D; Archibugi, D; Arestis, P; Baddeley, M; Baert, P; Baumol, W; Berg, M; Berniacki, R; Best, M; others (Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1997)

Effects of three nematode anthelmintic treatment regimes on flock performance of sheep and goats under extensive management in semi-arid Kenya - Gatongi,P.M.; M.E. Scott; S. Ranjan; Gathuma,J.M.; Munyua,W.K.; Cheruiyot,H.; R.K. Prichard (Veterinary Parasitology, 1997)
A study was undertaken in a semi-arid area of Kenya between August 1991 and June 1993 to evaluate the effects of anthelmintic treatment using ivermectin before or during the rains, on performance of mixed sheep and goat flocks, in comparison with an untreated flock. Performance parameters measured included age and weight of dams at first parturition, parturition intervals, body weights of dams and offspring, and birth weights, growth rates, and mortality rates of offspring. Among these parameters, birth weights and growth rates of offspring were found to be significantly improved by the treatment administered before the rains compared with the other two treatments. Mortality was lower in lambs and kids with high birth weights. Treatment, either before or during the rains, significantly reduced the faecal egg output and improved body weight, packed cell volume and flock fertility. Liveweight was confirmed to be a better measure of sexual maturity than age. It was further shown that lambs and kids, born of dams at their first lambing or kidding, experienced higher mortality rates than lambs and kids born of dams in their second and subsequent parturitions. Overall, treatment with ivermectin before the onset of rains was equal to or better, in terms of the performance parameters measured, than treatment during the rains, whilst treatment compared with no treatment increased performance in almost all of the parameters measured.
Keywords: Haemonchosis; Ivermectin; Sheep and goat production; Strategic control

The epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in a semi-arid area of Kenya with emphasis on hypobiosis of Haemonchus contortus. - Gatongi, Peter Maina (1997)

Ethnicity and otherness in Kenya cultures - PETER TIROP SIMATEI (Ethnicity, Nationalism and Democracy in Africa, 1997)

Guest Editor’s Note: Positron Emission Tomography (PET): A Revolutionary New Approach to Drug Discovery and Development? - Campbell, Bruce; Comar, Dominique (Drug information journal: DIJ/Drug Information Association, 1997)

Interferon gamma induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a model of ovarian cancer: enhancement of effect by batimastat - Burke, F; East, N; Upton, C; K Patel; Balkwill, FR (European Journal of Cancer, 1997)

JUVENILE INJUSTICE: Police abuse and detention of street children in Kenya (Nairobi, 1997)

Language and Literacy the Need for a Utilitarian Language in Technical and Vocational Education - Opijah, Allan Lennox (Kiswahili as a Tool for Development – The Multidisciplinary Approach, 1997)

The performance of manual indexes and online databases in information retrieval - Odini, Cephas (OCLC Systems & Services, 1997)