Psychometric properties of an African symptoms check list scale - DM Ndetei; Othieno, C. J.; VN Mutiso; Ongecha, FA; Kokonya, DA; Omar, A; Gakinya, B.; Mwangi, J (2006)

Realizing the Full Potential of the Scenic Kerio Valley: A Perception of Local and International Tourists. Paper submitted and presented to Atlas African Conference which was held in Kenya at the White sands Hotel Mombasa in February (2006)

Reduced expression of 15-lipoxygenase 2 in human head and neck carcinomas - Wang, Dian; Chen, Shaoying; Feng, Ying; Yang, Qiuhui; Campbell, Bruce H; Tang, Xin; Campbell, William B (Tumor Biology, 2006)

The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and sexual health practices of homeless adolescents - Johnson, R. J.; Rew, L.; Sternglanz, R. W. (Adolescence, 2006)

Restoring wildlife populations - Campbell, Bruce H; Altman, B; Bangs, EDWARD E; Smith, Doug W; Csuti, B; Hays, DW; Slavens, F; Slavens, K; Schultz, C; Butler, RW (Restoring the Pacific Northwest: the art and science of ecological restoration in Cascadia. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2006)

Rethinking the Role of Dominant Paradigms in Kenya's Development Experience, 1963-2000 - Makana, Nicholas E (Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 2006)

A Robust Technique for Removing Fluoride from Drinking Water - A. Kumar; M S Onyango; O Aoyi (Moi University, 2006)

Role of Isukha Religious Beliefs and Practices in the Conservation of Kakamega Forest - Omare, G (Religious Studies, 2006)

Science and socio economics for sustainable development: Challenges and opportunities in the 21st century - Burugu, R. (Moi University 2nd Annual International Conference, 2006)

Sexual and drug use risk behaviors among children and youth in street circumstances in Porto Alegre, Brazil - de Carvalho, F. T.; Neiva-Silva, L.; Ramos, M. C.; Evans, J.; Koller, S. H.; Piccinini, C. A. (AIDS Behav, 2006)

Social and health behaviors in youth of the streets of Ibadan, Nigeria - Olley, B. O. (Child Abuse Negl., 2006)

Socio-economic factors influencing small ruminant breeding in Kenya - Verbeek, E; Kanis, E; Bett, R. C.; IS Kosgey (2006)

Socio-economic factors influencing small ruminant breeding in Kenya - Verbeek, E; Kanis, E; Bett, R. C.; IS Kosgey (2006)

Successes and failures of small ruminant breeding programmes in the tropics: a review - IS Kosgey; RL Baker; HMJ Udo; J.A.M. Van Arendonk (Small Ruminant Research, 2006)
Despite the large numbers and importance of adapted indigenous sheep and goats in the tropics, information on sustainable conventional breeding programmes for them is scarce and often unavailable. This paper reviews within-breed selection strategies for indigenous small ruminants in the tropics, highlighting aspects determining their success or failure. The aim is to better understand opportunities for genetic improvement of small ruminants by the resource-poor farmers in traditional smallholder and pastoral farming systems. Dismal performance of programmes involving breed substitution of exotics for indigenous breeds and crossbreeding with temperate breeds have stimulated a recent re-orientation of breeding programmes in tropical countries to utilize indigenous breeds, and most programmes are incipient. The success rate of some breeding programmes involving native breeds is encouraging. Definition of comprehensive breeding objectives incorporating the specific, immediate, and long-term social and economic circumstances of the target group as well as ecological constraints was found lacking in some projects that failed. To achieve success, it is necessary to look at the production system holistically, and involve the producer at every stage in the planning and operation of the breeding programme, integrating traditional behaviour and values.
Keywords: Breeding programmes; Review; Small ruminants; Tropics

Successes and failures of small ruminant breeding programmes in the tropics: a review - IS Kosgey; RL Baker; HMJ Udo; J.A.M. Van Arendonk (Small Ruminant Research, 2006)
Despite the large numbers and importance of adapted indigenous sheep and goats in the tropics, information on sustainable conventional breeding programmes for them is scarce and often unavailable. This paper reviews within-breed selection strategies for indigenous small ruminants in the tropics, highlighting aspects determining their success or failure. The aim is to better understand opportunities for genetic improvement of small ruminants by the resource-poor farmers in traditional smallholder and pastoral farming systems. Dismal performance of programmes involving breed substitution of exotics for indigenous breeds and crossbreeding with temperate breeds have stimulated a recent re-orientation of breeding programmes in tropical countries to utilize indigenous breeds, and most programmes are incipient. The success rate of some breeding programmes involving native breeds is encouraging. Definition of comprehensive breeding objectives incorporating the specific, immediate, and long-term social and economic circumstances of the target group as well as ecological constraints was found lacking in some projects that failed. To achieve success, it is necessary to look at the production system holistically, and involve the producer at every stage in the planning and operation of the breeding programme, integrating traditional behaviour and values.
Keywords: Breeding programmes; Review; Small ruminants; Tropics

Successes and failures of small ruminant breeding programmes in the tropics: a review - IS Kosgey; RL Baker; HMJ Udo; JAM Van Arendonk (Small ruminant research, 2006)

Successes and failures of small ruminant breeding programmes in the tropics - IS Kosgey (Small Ruminant Research, 2006)

Swept away. Street children illegally detained in Kigali, Rwanda (Human Rights Watch, 2006)

Towards optimising ball-milling capacity: effect of lifter design - Makokha, Augustine B; Moys, Michael H (Minerals Engineering, 2006)

Uptake of Fluoride by Al3+ Pretreated Low‐Silica Synthetic Zeolites: Adsorption Equilibrium and Rate Studies - Maurice S. Onyango; Yoshiro Kojima; Anil Kumar; Dalibor Kuchar; Mitsuhiro Kubota; Hitoki Matsuda (Separation Science and Technology, 2006)
Abstract The removal of fluoride from single component aqueous solution using Al3+‐ pretreated low‐silica synthetic zeolites (Al‐Na‐HUD, Al‐HUD, Al‐F9, and Al‐A4) was studied. The effects of adsorbent mass, initial solution pH, and initial concentration on fluoride removal in a batch system were evaluated. Equilibrium data were simulated using simple isotherms such as the Freundlich (F), Langmuir‐Freundlich (LF), Redlich‐Peterson (RP) and Dubinin‐Radushkevitch (DR) isotherms. From the DR model, initial pH effects and desorption studies, it was considered that the fluoride adsorption onto the zeolites proceeded by ion‐exchange or chemisorption mechanism. In interpreting the kinetic results, reaction kinetics (using Elovich equation) and mass transfer processes (both external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion) were considered. Equilibrium and kinetic results of fluoride adsorption onto the adsorbents demonstrated the following order of performance: Al‐Na‐HUD>Al‐F9> Al‐HUD>Al‐A4.

Viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa: experience from western Kenya - Wools, Kaloustian Kara; Kimaiyo, Silvester; Diero, Lameck; Abraham, Siika; Sidle, Yiannoutsos; John, Constantin T; Musick, Robert Einterz Beverl; Fife Kenneth, H; William M. Tierney (ippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006)

Viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa: experience from western Kenya - Wools-Kaloustian, Kara; Kimaiyo, Silvester; Diero, Lameck; Siika, Abraham; John Sidle; Yiannoutsos, Constantin T; Musick, Beverly; Einterz, Robert; Fife, Kenneth H; William M. Tierney (Aids, 2006)

What future? Street children in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Human Rights Watch, 2006)

What Future? Street Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Human Rights, W. (Human Rights Watch, 2006)

(untitled) - Schenk, K.; Williamson, J. (Population Council, 2005)

Academic Credentials - Ogoma, Shadrack O (International Conference, Western University College of Science and Technology, 2005)

Assessment of body composition and breast milk volume in lactating mothers in pastoral communities in Pokot, Kenya, using deuterium oxide - Ettyang, Grace A; van Marken Lichtenbelt, WD; Esamai, Fabian; Saris, Wim HM; Westerterp, Klaas R (Annals of nutrition and metabolism, 2005)

An assessment of the large mammal component of the proposed wildlife sanctuary site in Maasai Kuku Group Ranch near Amboseli, Kenya - Okello, Moses Makonjio (South African Journal of Wildlife Research-24-month delayed open access, 2005)

Bio-economic model to support breeding of indigenous chicken in different production systems - Menge, EO; IS Kosgey; Kahi, A.K. (International Journal of Poultry Science, 2005)

Bio-economic model to support breeding of indigenous chicken in different production systems - IS Kosgey (International Journal of Poultry Science, 2005)

Bio-economic model to support breeding of indigenous chicken in different production systems - IS Kosgey (International Journal of Poultry Science, 2005)

Colonial violence, postcolonial violations: Violence, landscape, and memory in Kenyan fiction - Simatei, Tirop (Research in African Literatures, 2005)

Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle: case report - Lelei, LK (East African Medical Journal, 2005)

Couture, P. 141 - Cuellar, L; Dansou, D; de Almeida, MDV; De Bourdeaudhuij, I; de Luis, DA; del Genio, F; den Dunnen, JT; Derouiche, A; Deufel, T; Diniz, YS; others (Ann Nutr Metab, 2005)

Dental status and quality of life in long-term head and neck cancer survivors - Duke, Rebecca L; Campbell, Bruce H; Indresano, A Thomas; Eaton, Derek J; Marbella, Anne M; Myers, Katherine B; Layde, Peter M (The Laryngoscope, 2005)

Diffusion of information and communication technologies in communication of agricultural information among agricultural researchers and extension workers in Kenya - Kiplang'at, Joseph; Ocholla, Dennis N (South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science, 2005)

The diffusion of innovations theory as a theoretical framework in library and information science research - Minishi-Majanja, Mabel K; Kiplang'at, Joseph (South African journal of libraries and information science, 2005)

Does Sheng have a Kiswahili grammar - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (Annual Publication in African Linguistics (APAL), 2005)

EANS Society News - Bardaoui, M; Neffati, F; Moussa, A; Zakhama, A; Najjar, MF; Hammami, M; Luong, Khanh Vinh Quoc; Nguyen, Lan Thi Hoang; Mesana, Mar{\'ıa I; Fleta, Jesús; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2005)

Economic values for resistance to gastrointestinal helminths in meat sheep in Kenya - Gicheha, M.G.; IS Kosgey; Bebe, B.O.; Kahi, A.K. (Journal of animal breeding and genetics, 2005)

An Electronic Patient Record (EPR) for Hospitals in Kenya: The JKUAT hospital case - Waruhari, P; Mwangi, R W (Scientific, Technological and Industrialization Conference, 2005)

Esophageal cancer in north rift valley of western Kenya - Wakhisi, Johnston; Patel, Kritika; Buziba, Nathan; Rotich, Joseph (African health sciences, 2005)

Esophageal cancer in North Rift Valley of Western Kenya. - J. Wakhisi, K. Patel, N. Buziba. (African Health Sciences, 2005)

Evaluation of closed adult nucleus multiple ovulation and embryo transfer and conventional progeny testing breeding schemes for milk production in tropical crossbred cattle - IS Kosgey; Kahi, A.K.; JAM Van Arendonk (Journal of dairy science, 2005)

Evaluation of Closed Adult Nucleus Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer and Conventional Progeny Testing Breeding Schemes for Milk Production in Tropical Crossbred Cattle - IS Kosgey; Kahi, A.K.; J.A.M. Van Arendonk (Journal of Dairy Science, 2005)
The potential benefits of closed adult nucleus multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) and conventional progeny testing (CNS) schemes, and the logistics of their integration into large-scale continuous production of crossbred cattle were studied by deterministic simulation. The latter was based on F1 (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) production using AI or natural mating and MOET, and continuous F2 production by mating of F1 animals. The gene flow and the cumulative discounted expressions (CDES) were also calculated. Both schemes had 8, 16, 32, or 64 dams with 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 sires selected. In the MOET nucleus scheme (MNS), the test capacity was 1, 2, 8, or 16 offspring, and the number of matings per dam per year was 1, 2, or 4. A scheme of 8 sires with 64 dams and a test capacity of 4 female offspring per dam per year resulted in an annual genetic gain (in phenotypic standard deviation) of 0.324 and 0.081 for MNS and CNS, respectively. In the MNS, there was substantial genetic gain with a relatively small number of animals compared with a CNS. The F1 had the highest, and the F2 scheme the lowest CDES. However, a very large number of B. indicus females would be required in the F1 scheme. This scheme may not be practical under conditions in developing countries. The F2 scheme was logistically attractive because it produces its own replacements, and the number of B. taurus females required would be easy to attain. Accompanying technical and financial constraints of nucleus schemes should be addressed before applying them.
Keywords: breeding scheme; crossbreeding; dairy cattle; Tropics

Evaluation of Closed Adult Nucleus Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer and Conventional Progeny Testing Breeding Schemes for Milk Production in Tropical Crossbred Cattle - IS Kosgey; Kahi, A.K.; J.A.M. Van Arendonk (Journal of Dairy Science, 2005)
The potential benefits of closed adult nucleus multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) and conventional progeny testing (CNS) schemes, and the logistics of their integration into large-scale continuous production of crossbred cattle were studied by deterministic simulation. The latter was based on F1 (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) production using AI or natural mating and MOET, and continuous F2 production by mating of F1 animals. The gene flow and the cumulative discounted expressions (CDES) were also calculated. Both schemes had 8, 16, 32, or 64 dams with 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 sires selected. In the MOET nucleus scheme (MNS), the test capacity was 1, 2, 8, or 16 offspring, and the number of matings per dam per year was 1, 2, or 4. A scheme of 8 sires with 64 dams and a test capacity of 4 female offspring per dam per year resulted in an annual genetic gain (in phenotypic standard deviation) of 0.324 and 0.081 for MNS and CNS, respectively. In the MNS, there was substantial genetic gain with a relatively small number of animals compared with a CNS. The F1 had the highest, and the F2 scheme the lowest CDES. However, a very large number of B. indicus females would be required in the F1 scheme. This scheme may not be practical under conditions in developing countries. The F2 scheme was logistically attractive because it produces its own replacements, and the number of B. taurus females required would be easy to attain. Accompanying technical and financial constraints of nucleus schemes should be addressed before applying them.
Keywords: breeding scheme; crossbreeding; dairy cattle; Tropics

Gastroschisis: immediate reduction by Bianchi procedure at Moi teaching and referral hospital, Eldoret: case report - R T Kuremu (East African medical journal, 2005)

Gender, Youth Sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: A Kenyan Experience - Kamaara, Eunice (2005)

Information seeking and communication behaviour of Kenya railways engineers - Odini, Cephas (University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal, 2005)

Insider-outsider debates in the construction of ethnography - Sorre, Bernard M (Maarifa (Eldoret, Kenya), 2005)

Kiswahili fasaha: mwongozo wa mwalimu. Kidato cha nne - Waititu, Francis G; Ipara, Isaac (Oxford University Press, 2005)

Land use changes and human–wildlife conflicts in the Amboseli Area, Kenya - Okello, Moses Makonjio (Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2005)

On lexicalization in Sheng - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2005)

Linguistic Human Rights in Kenya - Ogechi, N; Kembo-Sure, E (German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), in Collaboration with Goethe-Institut & University of Nairobi Hosted a Conference on Across Borders, Benefiting from Cultural Differences: At University of Nairobi, Kenya, 17th and 18th March 2005, 2005)

Micro-electromechanical structural design and optimization of vertical cavity photonic devices with wide continuous tuning - Ataro, Edwin O (University of Kassel, Germany, 2005)

Mwongozo wa Mayai waziri wa maradhi na hadithi nyingine, KW Wamitila (mhariri) - Waititu, Francis; Oyugi, Isaac (Sasa Sema Publications, 2005)

The Official FENS Calendar - Bardaoui, M; Neffati, F; Moussa, A; Zakhama, A; Najjar, MF; Hammami, M; Luong, Khanh Vinh Quoc; Nguyen, Lan Thi Hoang; Mesana, Mar{\'ıa I; Fleta, Jesús; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2005)

The Perception of Society towards Girl-Child Education in Kenya: A Case of Secondary Schools in Ainabkoi Division of Uasin Gishu District - Yungungu, A.M. (The Educator: A Journal of the School of Education, Moi University, Eldoret (ISBN 1817-77654), 2005)

Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck - Cooper, JS; Pajak, TF; Forastiere, AA; Jacobs, J; Campbell, BH; Saxman, SB; Kish, J Aa; Kim, HE; Cmelak, A Ja; Rotman, M; others (Einstein, 2005)

Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck; Associacao entre quimioterapia e radioterapia, comparada com radioterapia exclusiva, como tratamento pos-operatorio em carcinomas epidermoid - Cooper, JS; Pajak, TF; Forastiere, AA; Jacobs, J; Campbell, BH; Saxman, SB; Kish, J Aa; Kim, HE; Cmelak, A Ja; Rotman, M; others (Einstein, 2005)

Protection against secondary fragmentation from AP mines based on natural fibre composites - Paul Wambua; Pirlont, Marc; Ignaas Verpoest (Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, 2005)

Psychosocial effects in long-term head and neck cancer survivors - Holloway, Richard L; Hellewell, James L; Marbella, Anne M; Layde, Peter M; Myers, Katherine B; Campbell, Bruce H (Head & Neck: Journal for the Sciences and Specialties of the Head and Neck, 2005)

Religion in the Political Culture of Kenya - Ndzovu, Hassan (Study of Religion in Southern Africa, 2005)

Socio-psychological behaviour change among students: a case study of first year students in Moi University, main campus - Sorre, Bernard M (Maarifa (Eldoret, Kenya), 2005)

A survey of tourist expectations and economic potential for a proposed wildlife sanctuary in a Maasai group ranch near Amboseli, Kenya - Okello, Moses Makonjio (Journal of sustainable tourism, 2005)

Susan Kiguli: Entry - Peter Simatei; Leonard Conolly (Routledge Encyclopaedia of Post - Colonial Literatures in English, 2005)

Sustainable Community-Based Organizations for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock in Developing Countries - Kahi, A.K.; T.O. Rewe; IS Kosgey (Outlook on Agriculture, 2005)
Livestock industries in developing countries face numerous constraints that have often hampered the establishment and sustainability of national genetic-improvement programmes. One major inadequacy in a number of programmes previously developed was that livestock owners were not taken into account in decision making and ownership of improvement initiatives. No matter how much effort is put into financial and technological support, the eventual survival of improvement programmes depends on whether the farmers understood and agreed with the objective of the projects. Otherwise, programmes tend to fade away as soon as the development agencies leave. Community ownership of genetic-improvement programmes has been suggested as a potentially sustainable alternative. In this paper, the establishment and sustainability of community-based organizations for the genetic improvement of livestock (CBOGIL) are discussed with reference to some successful community-based genetic-improvement initiatives in different livestock species.

Sustainable Community-Based Organizations for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock in Developing Countries - Kahi, A.K.; T.O. Rewe; IS Kosgey (Outlook on Agriculture, 2005)
Livestock industries in developing countries face numerous constraints that have often hampered the establishment and sustainability of national genetic-improvement programmes. One major inadequacy in a number of programmes previously developed was that livestock owners were not taken into account in decision making and ownership of improvement initiatives. No matter how much effort is put into financial and technological support, the eventual survival of improvement programmes depends on whether the farmers understood and agreed with the objective of the projects. Otherwise, programmes tend to fade away as soon as the development agencies leave. Community ownership of genetic-improvement programmes has been suggested as a potentially sustainable alternative. In this paper, the establishment and sustainability of community-based organizations for the genetic improvement of livestock (CBOGIL) are discussed with reference to some successful community-based genetic-improvement initiatives in different livestock species.

Sustainable community-based organizations for the genetic improvement of livestock in developing countries - IS Kosgey; others (IP Publishing Ltd, 2005)

Sustainable community-based organizations for the genetic improvement of livestock in developing countries - Kahi, A.K.; T.O. Rewe; IS Kosgey (Outlook on AGRICULTURE, 2005)

Synthesis and characterization of Zinc (II) and Copper (II) complexes of embelin - Cherutoi, JK; Cheruiyot, LL; Kiprono, CP (Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 2005)

Theatre for development in Kenya: In search of an effective procedure and methodology - Christopher Odhiambo (Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University, 2005)

Theatre for development in Kenya: Interrogating the ethics of practice - Christopher Odhiambo Joseph (Research in Drama Education, 2005)

Theory of multilayer solar cells - Khanna, KM; Ekai, R; Ronno, CK; Rotich, SK; Torongey, PK (CSIR, 2005)

" There are No Refugees in this Area": Self-settled Refugees in Koboko - Okello, Moses Crispus; Gottschalk, Noah; Ridderbos, Katinka (Refugee Law Project, 2005)

Tourism potential and achievement of protected areas in Kenya: criteria and prioritization - Okello, Moses Makonjio; Wishitemi, Bobby EL; Lagat, Benjamin (Tourism Analysis, 2005)

Trilingual Codeswitching in Kenya-Evidence from Ekegusii, Kiswahili, English and Sheng - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (2005)

Use and availability of tree and shrub resources on Maasai communal rangelands near Amboseli, Kenya - Kiringe, John Warui; Okello, Moses Makonjio (African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 2005)

Wide continuously tunable 1.55$μ$m vertical air-cavity wavelength selective elements for filters and VCSELs using micromachined actuation - Hillmer, H; Tarraf, A; Riemenschneider, F; Irmer, S; Halbritter, H; Daleiden, J; Römer, F; Prott, C; Ataro, E; Hasse, A; others (Proceedings of SPIE – Opto-Ireland 2005: Optoelectronics, Photonic Devices, and Optical Networks, 2005)

Young people's sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey - Pettifor, A. E.; Rees, H. V.; Kleinschmidt, I.; Steffenson, A. E.; MacPhail, C.; Hlongwa-Madikizela, L.; Vermaak, K.; Padian, N. S. (AIDS (London, England), 2005)

Addressing the educational void during the antiretroviral therapy rollout - Cohen, Jonathan; Kimaiyo, Sylvestor; Nyandiko, Winstone; Siika, Abraham; John Sidle; Wools-Kaloustian, Kara; Mamlin, Joseph (Aids, 2004)

Aspiration, weight loss, and quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors - Campbell, Bruce H; Spinelli, Kristine; Marbella, Anne M; Myers, Katherine B; Kuhn, Joan C; Layde, Peter M (Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 2004)

Assessment of body composition in lactating mothers in a rural African community using deuterium oxide - Ettyang, G. A.; Lichtenbelt, van Marken; Saris, WHM; Oloo, A (South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004)

Athari za mabadiliko ya mitaala ya Kiswahili katika uandishi na uchapishaji - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (Swahili Forum, 2004)

Beyond informed consent - Bhutta, Z. A. (Bull World Health Organ, 2004)

Breeding objective and breeding strategies for small suminants in the tropics.[Disertasi] - IS Kosgey (Wageningen: Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen University, 2004)

Breeding objectives and breeding strategies for small ruminants in the tropics - Isaac S. Kosgey (Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, 2004)

Breeding objectives and breeding strategies for small ruminants in the tropics - Kosgey, Isaac Sanga (2004)

Breeding objectives and breeding strategies for small ruminants in the tropics: Wageningen University - IS Kosgey (The Netherlands, 2004)

Can data from an electronic medical record identify which patients with pneumonia have Pneumocystis carinii Infection? - Diero, Lameck; Stiffler, Troy; Einterz, Robert M; William M. Tierney (International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2004)

Characteristics and Personal Social Networks of the on-the-Street, of-the-Street, Shelter and School Children in Eldoret, Kenya - Ayuku, David O.; Kaplan, Charles; Herman Baars; De Vries, Marten (International Social Work, 2004)
Most of the street-based children are not educated beyond primary school and their living conditions are based on begging and doing odd jobs in the market and streets. Forty-six percent of the on-the-street children live with one parent, and 97 percent of the of-the-street children have lost contact with their parents. The on-the-street children have a higher percentage of family sector networks than the of-the-street children and the shelter or institutionalized children. Generally, school children still have strong family ties.

Characteristics and personal social networks of the on-the-street, of-the-street, shelter and school children in Eldoret Kenya - Ayuku, D.; Kaplan, C.; Baars, H.; Vries, M. (Int Soc Work, 2004)

Childhood intussusception at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital Eldoret: management challenges in a rural setting - R T Kuremu (East African medical journal, 2004)

A comparative analysis of the principle of competition in business management and the principle of love in Christian ethics in Africa - Kamaara, Eunice Karanja (Strathmore University Press, 2004)

Consumption of vitamin A by breastfeeding children in rural Kenya - Ettyang, Grace; Oloo, Aggrey; Lichtenbelt, Wauter van Marken; Saris, Wim (Food and nutrition bulletin, 2004)

Continuous course reirradiation with concurrent weekly chemotherapy for patients with unresectable recurrent head and neck - Sadasiwan, C; Schultz, C; Firat, S; Campbell, B; Wong, S (LUNG CANCER, 2004)

Correlation amplitude for quasi-particles in high T {sub c} superconductors - Khanna, KM; Torongey, PK; Rotich, S.; Karap Kirui, MS; Sakwa, TW; Ayodo, KY (2004)
The correlation amplitude for the quasi-particles in high Tsub c superconductors has been deduced. From this amplitude, the maximum critical transition temperature has been calculated. The assumption, which has been made is that, the superconductivity is due to condensation of electron pairs, which may be in a parallel spin-state, an antiparallel spin-state, or a mixture of the two states. It has been established that the maximum transition temperature in the optical phonon frequency is Tsub c = 262.6 K irrespective of the state of the electron pair. (author)

Determining the optional size and cost efficiency of Nandi District secondary schools - Kosgei, ZK; Rono, PK (Journal of Education and Human Resources, 2004)

Economic values for resistance to helminths in meat sheep in Kenya - Gicheha, M.G.; IS Kosgey; Bebe, B.O.; Kahi, A.K. (Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2004)

Economic values for traits in breeding objectives for sheep in the tropics: impact of tangible and intangible benefits - Isaac S. Kosgey; Johan A.M Van Arendonk; R.Leyden Baker (Livestock Production Science, 2004)
In traditional management systems in the tropics, sheep constitute a source of easily convertible capital for financing purposes and insurance, a means of cultural and ceremonial functions, and a source of prestige, meat, manure and skins. In this study, breeding objectives were derived for an indigenous tropical sheep breed under pastoral production. Economic values were calculated for five situations: (i) base accounting for both tangible and intangible roles of sheep; (ii) accounting for manure, skins and intangible roles; (iii) accounting for 20% of animals sold, insurance, manure and skins; (iv) accounting for intangible roles only; and (v) accounting for tangible roles only. Sensitivity analysis to different levels of financing and insurance benefit factors, reproduction, survival and live weight traits was performed for the situation accounting for both tangible and intangible roles, and with a constant number of ewes. The economic value for a trait considered in a particular situation was calculated from the difference between the average performance level of the trait before and after incrementing it by one unit. The traits considered were litter size, lambing frequency, pre-weaning and post-weaning lamb survival to 12 months, ewe survival, 12-month lamb live weight, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat and kg manure dry matter sold ewe−1 year−1. Generally, in descending order of the profits and economic values, the situations studied ranked as follows: (i), (v), (iii), (ii) and (iv). For the base situation, financing and insurance benefits accounted for 13% and 6% of the total revenues, respectively. Situation (v) had a profit that was about 35% lower relative to situation (i). In terms of genetic standard deviations, the economic values (US$ ewe−1 year−1) for the base situation were: 2.81 for litter size, 6.40 for lambing frequency, 0.02 for pre-weaning survival, 0.03 for post-weaning survival, 0.05 for ewe survival, 1.81 for 12-month lamb live weight, 0.43 for mature ewe live weight, 0.09 for consumable meat and 0.01 for kg manure dry matter sold (ewe−1 year−1). The economic values indicate that litter size, lambing frequency and 12-month lamb live weight are likely to be important traits in pastoral production. Sensitivity analysis showed that future economic values for all the traits considered, except kg manure dry matter sold ewe−1 year−1, might change depending on levels of intangible benefit factors. Ewe survival and mature ewe live weight were not responsive to changes in reproductive traits, and pre- and post-weaning traits, and vice versa. It is concluded that it is necessary to include the intangible roles of sheep in tropical breeding programmes.
Keywords: Breeding objectives; Economic values; Intangible roles; Sheep; Tropics

Economic values for traits in breeding objectives for sheep in the tropics: impact of tangible and intangible benefits - Isaac S. Kosgey; Johan A.M Van Arendonk; R.Leyden Baker (Livestock Production Science, 2004)
In traditional management systems in the tropics, sheep constitute a source of easily convertible capital for financing purposes and insurance, a means of cultural and ceremonial functions, and a source of prestige, meat, manure and skins. In this study, breeding objectives were derived for an indigenous tropical sheep breed under pastoral production. Economic values were calculated for five situations: (i) base accounting for both tangible and intangible roles of sheep; (ii) accounting for manure, skins and intangible roles; (iii) accounting for 20% of animals sold, insurance, manure and skins; (iv) accounting for intangible roles only; and (v) accounting for tangible roles only. Sensitivity analysis to different levels of financing and insurance benefit factors, reproduction, survival and live weight traits was performed for the situation accounting for both tangible and intangible roles, and with a constant number of ewes. The economic value for a trait considered in a particular situation was calculated from the difference between the average performance level of the trait before and after incrementing it by one unit. The traits considered were litter size, lambing frequency, pre-weaning and post-weaning lamb survival to 12 months, ewe survival, 12-month lamb live weight, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat and kg manure dry matter sold ewe-1 year-1. Generally, in descending order of the profits and economic values, the situations studied ranked as follows: (i), (v), (iii), (ii) and (iv). For the base situation, financing and insurance benefits accounted for 13% and 6% of the total revenues, respectively. Situation (v) had a profit that was about 35% lower relative to situation (i). In terms of genetic standard deviations, the economic values (US$ ewe-1 year-1) for the base situation were: 2.81 for litter size, 6.40 for lambing frequency, 0.02 for pre-weaning survival, 0.03 for post-weaning survival, 0.05 for ewe survival, 1.81 for 12-month lamb live weight, 0.43 for mature ewe live weight, 0.09 for consumable meat and 0.01 for kg manure dry matter sold (ewe-1 year-1). The economic values indicate that litter size, lambing frequency and 12-month lamb live weight are likely to be important traits in pastoral production. Sensitivity analysis showed that future economic values for all the traits considered, except kg manure dry matter sold ewe-1 year-1, might change depending on levels of intangible benefit factors. Ewe survival and mature ewe live weight were not responsive to changes in reproductive traits, and pre- and post-weaning traits, and vice versa. It is concluded that it is necessary to include the intangible roles of sheep in tropical breeding programmes.
Keywords: Breeding objectives; Economic values; Intangible roles; Sheep; Tropics

Economic values for traits in breeding objectives for sheep in the tropics: impact of tangible and intangible benefits - Isaac S. Kosgey; Van Arendonk, Johan AM; Baker, R Leyden (Livestock Production Science, 2004)

Engineering Education in African Universities: A Case for Internationalization - A. Kumar; Ochieng, Aoyi; Maurice S. Onyango (Journal of Studies in International Education, 2004)
Engineering education is getting global. This article assesses the present scenario in engineering education, which is undergoing a paradigm shift because of the Internet, innovation, and internationalization. The influence of information technology, industrial development, national politics, and economic policies on internationalization of engineering education has been discussed. Quality control and accreditation practices in some countries have been reviewed, and a link between technology advancement and engineering curricula has been drawn. A stable political and economic system is necessary to retain the highly qualified African engineers who are the drivers of the engineering education toward achieving this goal.

FDG-PET/CT guided IMRT for head and neck carcinoma - Wang, D; Bialkowski, M; Schultz, CJ; Jursinic, PA; Zhu, X; Brown, W; Rand, SD; Nalwa, SS; Campbell, BH; Li, X (International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 2004)

Four-level approximation in disordered medium - Sakwa, WT; Khanna, KM; Mueni, M; Rotich, S.; Torongey, PK (CSIR, 2004)

Homosexuality and the African culture - Chukwu, Cletus N (AFER, 2004)

Impact of use and abuse of alcohol on human resource development in Kenya: the case of Moi University students - Rono, JK; Nyaga, E (Journal of Education and Human Resources, 2004)

Impact on natural fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites: failure modes - Paul Wambua, Bart Vangrimde, Stepan Lomov; Ignaas Verpoest (The Textile Institute 83rd World Conference, Shanghai, China, 23rd – 27th May 2004, 2004)

THE INFLUENCE OF ACE, PREPARATION METHODS AND STORAGE ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF TWO TRADITIONAL KENYAN LEAFY VEGETABLES COMMON IN WESTERN KENYA. - Rotich, Dorothy Jepkoech (UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, 2004)

Insider/Outsider Perceptions: Ideological Intrusions in Angira’s and Macgoye”s Poems ‘Kisumu’ (The Nairobi Journal of Literature: East African Literature: Perspectives and Insights, 2004)
This paper posits that both Jared Angira and Marjorie Macgoye have assumed the positionalities of “modern Luo” during the entire period of their writing enterprises, and that their “poetics” are strongly influenced and informed by their ideologies which are deeply rooted in both Luo and Euro-Christian cultures, but their ideological perceptions are entirely different owing specifically to their different backgrounds.

Lexicalization in Sheng - Ogechi, Nathan Oyori (Alternation, 2004)

The Migrant Experience in East African Asian Writing - Peter Simatei (Commonwealth: Essays and Studies, 2004)

Mortality in a cohort of street youth in Montreal - Roy, E.; Haley, N.; Leclerc, P.; Sochanski, B.; Boudreau, J. F.; Boivin, J. F. (JAMA, 2004)

Neonatal gastric perforation - R T Kuremu; G P Hadley; Wiersma, R (East African medical journal, 2004)

Nutrition And the Millennium Development Goals A Kenyan Perspective on the Eradication of Extreme Poverty and Hunger - Keino, Susan J (SCN News, 2004)

Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck - Cooper, Jay S; Pajak, Thomas F; Forastiere, Arlene A; Jacobs, John; Campbell, Bruce H; Saxman, Scott B; Kish, Julie A; Kim, Harold E; Cmelak, Anthony J; Rotman, Marvin; others (New England Journal of Medicine, 2004)

Powerful lies, or history as fiction? a reading of Ebrahim N. Hussein's Kinjeketile - Mboya, T.M. (2004)
Keywords: East Africa; Tanzania

Protective low price composite materials based on natural fibres - Paul Wambua (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2004)

Psychosocial and Nutritional Status of Street Children In Comparison to School Children: A Case of Eldoret Town - Ayuku, D.; Ettyang, G.; Odero, W (African J Food, Agric Nutr Dev, 2004)

Reduced expression of 15-lipoxygenase 2 in human head and neck carcinomas. - Wang, D; Chen, SY; Feng, Y; Tang, X; Li, RS; Campbell, B; Nalwa, S; Campbell, W (CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION, 2004)

Religion and socio-political change in Kenya: 1978-2003 - Kamaara, Eunice (Church-State Relations: A Challenge for African Christianity, 2004)

Sexual behavior is more risky in rural than in urban areas among young women in Nyanza province, Kenya - Hélène ACM Voeten; Omar B Egesah; J Dik F Habbema (Sexually transmitted diseases, 2004)

Socio-economic factors predisposing under five-year-old children to severe protein energmalnutrition at the Moi teaching and referral hospital - Ayaya, S. O.; Esamai, F. O.; Rotich, J.; Olwambula, A. R. (Eldoret. East Afr Med J., 2004)

Speech intelligibility and quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors - Meyer, Tanya K; Kuhn, Joan C; Campbell, Bruce H; Marbella, Anne M; Myers, Katherine B; Layde, Peter M (The Laryngoscope, 2004)

Stigmatization of persons living with HIV/Aids in Africa: pastoral challenges - Kamaara, Eunice (African Ecclesial Review, 2004)

A Study on the Effect of Different Types of Lower Free End Saddle Partial Dentures on the Supporting Structures. - Arnaout M, (2004)

Tailored scaling: a possibility to improve the performance of ultra-wide continuously tunable photonic devices - Ataro, E; Prott, C; Roemer, F; Hillmer, H (Applied Physics B, 2004)

Testicular torsion: case report - R T Kuremu (East African medical journal, 2004)

Threats to biodiversity and their implications in protected and adjacent dispersal areas of Kenya - Okello, Moses Makonjio; Kiringe, John Warui (Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2004)

Transition temperature for 4 He liquid adsorbed in disordered media - Sakwa, WT; Khanna, KM; Mueni, M; Rotich, S.; Torongey, PK (CSIR, 2004)

Traumatic grief in Kenyan bereaved parents following the Kyanguli School fire tragedy - Othieno, Caleb J; , Benson Gakinya; Ndumbu, Able; Omar, Ali; Kokonya, Donald A; Ongecha, Francisca A; Mutiso, Victoria; Oketch, Violet; Mwangi, Judy; others (2004)

Traumatic grief in Kenyan bereaved parents following the Kyanguli School fire tragedy - David M Ndetei; Othieno, Caleb J; , Benson Gakinya; Ndumbu, Able; Omar, Ali; Kokonya, Donald A; Ongecha, Francisca A; Mutiso, Victoria; Oketch, Violet; Mwangi, Judy (World Psychiatry, 2004)

Uchanganuzi wa makosa ya kiisimu katika matumizi ya Kiswahili miongoni mwa Wanyore - Opijah, Allan L (Depart of Kiswahili and other African Languages, 2004)

What makes clinical research in developing countries ethical? The benchmarks of ethical research - Emanuel, E. J.; Wendler, D.; Killen, J.; Grady, C. (J Infect Dis, 2004)

WIDGET CATEGORIES - Kerama, Emily Choge; Kamaara, Eunice Karanja (2004)

Women in Africa's Development Process: An Assessment from the Feminist Philosophical Approach - Chukwu, Cletus N (E. African J. Hum. Rts. & Democracy, 2004)

Xerostomia and Effects on Quality of Life in LongTerm Head and Neck Cancer Survivors - Duke, Rebecca Lynn; Campbell, Bruce H; Schultz, Christopher J; Marbella, Anne; Myers, Katherine B; Layde, Peter (Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 2004)

10. Part 2. Carcass composition and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter - J.S. Dhanda; D.G. Taylor; P.J. Murray; R Sheridan; A.V Ferreira; L.C Hoffman; T Wuliji; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; others (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Acknowledgement to the 2003 Reviewers - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

The aesthetics of theatre for community development in Kenya - Christopher Odhiambo (Nairobi Journal of Literature, 2003)

An analysis of the rebel war in northern Uganda - Prisca, Tanui Too (African Ecclesial, 2003)

An anti-personnel mine protection based on natural fibres - Paul Wambua; Vangrimde, Bart; Lomov, Stepan; Ignaas Verpoest (The 4th International Symposium on Materials from Renewable Resources, MesseCongressCenter Erfurt, Germany, 11th - 12th September 2003, 2003)

Application of the protected landscape model in southern Kenya - Bobby Wishitemi; Okello, Moses Makonjio (Parks, 2003)

Applied Ethics and HIV - Chukwu, Cletus N (AIDS–A Philosophical Discourse, Kijabe, Kenia, 2003)

Applied Ethics and HIV/AIDS in Africa: A philosophical discourse - Chukwu, Cletus N (2003)

Applying More Than 25 Years of Electronic Patient Records Experience to a Third World Health Environment and Making It Work: MUFHS Program-Eldoret, Kenya - Hannan, Terry J; Rotich, Joseph K; Diero, Lameck; Odero, Wilson; Siika, Abraham; Smith, Faye E; Bii, John; Einterz, Robert M; William M. Tierney (HIC 2003 RACGP12CC [combined conference]: Proceedings: Proceedings, 2003)

Association of milk traits with SSCP polymorphisms at the growth hormone gene in the Serrana goat - P.X. Marques; M. Pereira; M.R. Marques; I.C. Santos; C.C. Belo; R. Renaville; A. Cravador (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The present study suggests the existence of an association between milk production traits and genetic polymorphisms at the growth hormone (GH) gene in the Portuguese indigenous Serrana goat. The DNA from 229 animals of two ecotypes (Jarmelista and Ribatejano) was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique revealing a high degree of genetic polymorphism at the goat GH (gGH) gene. Two conformation patterns were detected in exons 1 and 2, 6 in exon 3, 10 in exon 4 and 5 in exon 5. The evaluation of an association effect between these SSCP patterns with milk, fat and protein yields and fat and protein percentages suggests a positive effect of pattern A/B of exon 4 for Ribatejano ecotype and of pattern A/B of exon 2 for Jarmelista ecotype with milk yield (P<0.05) and of pattern A/B of exon 1 and pattern B/B of exon 2 with protein percentage (P<0.05) for Ribatejano ecotype. The results support the hints suggested by previous studies of the importance of the gGH gene as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection in goat breeds and suggest that exon 4 is a preferential target for further investigation on mutations that influence milk yield variation.
Keywords: Genetic markers; Goat; Growth hormone; Milk traits; Single strand conformation polymorphism

Association of milk traits with SSCP polymorphisms at the growth hormone gene in the Serrana goat - P.X. Marques; M. Pereira; M.R. Marques; I.C. Santos; C.C. Belo; R. Renaville; A. Cravador (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The present study suggests the existence of an association between milk production traits and genetic polymorphisms at the growth hormone (GH) gene in the Portuguese indigenous Serrana goat. The DNA from 229 animals of two ecotypes (Jarmelista and Ribatejano) was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique revealing a high degree of genetic polymorphism at the goat GH (gGH) gene. Two conformation patterns were detected in exons 1 and 2, 6 in exon 3, 10 in exon 4 and 5 in exon 5. The evaluation of an association effect between these SSCP patterns with milk, fat and protein yields and fat and protein percentages suggests a positive effect of pattern A/B of exon 4 for Ribatejano ecotype and of pattern A/B of exon 2 for Jarmelista ecotype with milk yield (P<0.05) and of pattern A/B of exon 1 and pattern B/B of exon 2 with protein percentage (P<0.05) for Ribatejano ecotype. The results support the hints suggested by previous studies of the importance of the gGH gene as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection in goat breeds and suggest that exon 4 is a preferential target for further investigation on mutations that influence milk yield variation.
Keywords: Genetic markers; Goat; Growth hormone; Milk traits; Single strand conformation polymorphism

Author Index Vol. 47, 2003 - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

“Ben Okri” entry Stuttgart: Metzler - Peter Simatei (Metzler Lexikon englischsprachiger Autoren, 2003)

Comparative study of some prevalent diseases of ecotype goats reared in southeastern Nigeria - B.I. Odo (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The study was to determine the prevalent diseases of three native Nigeria goat breeds reared in the same environment for a period of 5 years (1995–1999). The indigenous goat breeds used were the Red Sokoto (RS), West African Dwarf (WAD) and their crossbreeds (CB). The prevalent diagnoses included mange, tick and flea infestations, helminthiasis, pneumonia, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), orf, abortion/stillbirth and premature delivery. Only the WAD had prevalence of helminthiasis, orf and premature delivery. The CB group had greater prevalence (P<0.05) of tick and flea infestations and of abortion/stillbirth than the other breeds. Age group had no influence on the prevalence of most of the diagnosed diseases. The kids were the major age group affected by orf. Seasonal variation in disease prevalence also was observed with mange and helminthiasis occurring during early- and late-rainy seasons. Seasons and genotype are therefore important factors affecting the prevalence and susceptibility of goats to diseases in the equatorial zone of southeastern Nigeria.
Keywords: Disease seasonality; Disease susceptibility; Indigenous goats; Prevalent diseases; Southeastern Nigeria

Comparative study of some prevalent diseases of ecotype goats reared in southeastern Nigeria - B.I. Odo (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The study was to determine the prevalent diseases of three native Nigeria goat breeds reared in the same environment for a period of 5 years (1995–1999). The indigenous goat breeds used were the Red Sokoto (RS), West African Dwarf (WAD) and their crossbreeds (CB). The prevalent diagnoses included mange, tick and flea infestations, helminthiasis, pneumonia, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), orf, abortion/stillbirth and premature delivery. Only the WAD had prevalence of helminthiasis, orf and premature delivery. The CB group had greater prevalence (P<0.05) of tick and flea infestations and of abortion/stillbirth than the other breeds. Age group had no influence on the prevalence of most of the diagnosed diseases. The kids were the major age group affected by orf. Seasonal variation in disease prevalence also was observed with mange and helminthiasis occurring during early- and late-rainy seasons. Seasons and genotype are therefore important factors affecting the prevalence and susceptibility of goats to diseases in the equatorial zone of southeastern Nigeria.
Keywords: Disease seasonality; Disease susceptibility; Indigenous goats; Prevalent diseases; Southeastern Nigeria

Contents cont from OBC (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Contents Vol. 47, 2003 - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Deriving nutrient requirements of growing Indian sheep under tropical condition using performance and intake data emanated from feeding trials conducted in different research institutes - S.S. Paul; A.B. Mandal; G.P. Mandal; A. Kannan; N.N. Pathak (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Data from 19 feeding trials conducted on growing sheep from different institutes across India were subjected to regression analysis to derive requirements of TDN, CP and DCP for maintenance and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for TDN, CP and DCP were 37.0, 6.68 and 4.43g/kg W0.75, respectively for the BW range of 7–15kg, and the corresponding maintenance requirements for the BW range of 15.1–30kg were 35.3, 6.98 and 4.49g. The corresponding requirements for 1g gain in BW were 0.91, 0.47, and 0.31g, for 7–15kg BW and 1.21, 0.43 and 0.30g, respectively for 15–30kg BW range. Regression equations had high R2 values (0.59–0.84) and the equations (F value) as well as coefficients were highly significant (P<0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. The new standards so derived predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards; as these are based on a more thorough analysis of a larger database, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for wide use in India.
Keywords: Energy requirements; Feeding standards; Growth; Protein requirements; Sheep; Tropical conditions

Deriving nutrient requirements of growing Indian sheep under tropical condition using performance and intake data emanated from feeding trials conducted in different research institutes - S.S. Paul; A.B. Mandal; G.P. Mandal; A. Kannan; N.N. Pathak (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Data from 19 feeding trials conducted on growing sheep from different institutes across India were subjected to regression analysis to derive requirements of TDN, CP and DCP for maintenance and body weight gain. Maintenance requirements for TDN, CP and DCP were 37.0, 6.68 and 4.43g/kg W0.75, respectively for the BW range of 7–15kg, and the corresponding maintenance requirements for the BW range of 15.1–30kg were 35.3, 6.98 and 4.49g. The corresponding requirements for 1g gain in BW were 0.91, 0.47, and 0.31g, for 7–15kg BW and 1.21, 0.43 and 0.30g, respectively for 15–30kg BW range. Regression equations had high R2 values (0.59–0.84) and the equations (F value) as well as coefficients were highly significant (P<0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. The new standards so derived predicted requirements and intake of nutrients for different production levels better than existing feeding standards; as these are based on a more thorough analysis of a larger database, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for wide use in India.
Keywords: Energy requirements; Feeding standards; Growth; Protein requirements; Sheep; Tropical conditions

Developing breeding objectives for meat sheep in smallholder production systems in the tropics - IS Kosgey; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Economic values for traits of meat sheep in medium to high production potential areas of the tropics - IS Kosgey; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Breeding objectives were developed for meat sheep in smallholder production circumstances in the tropics. The traits considered were litter size, lambing frequency, pre-weaning, and post-weaning lamb survival to 12 months, ewe survival, lamb live weight at 12-month, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake. Three evaluation situations were considered: (i) base with constant number of ewes, (ii) fixed feed resource and (iii) setting feed costs to zero. Sensitivity analysis of economic values to price levels of inputs and meat production was carried out. The fixed feed resource situation appropriately describes smallholder production circumstances. In the base situation, meat production accounted for about 88% of revenue and manure the remaining 12%. Variable costs represented about 95% of the total cost. For the fixed feed resource situation, economic values (US$ per ewe per year) were 12.94 for litter size, 10.18 for lambing frequency, 0.19 for pre-weaning lamb survival, 0.24 for post-weaning lamb survival, 0.36 for ewe survival, 1.02 for 12-month lamb live weight, 0.14 for mature ewe live weight, 0.51 for consumable meat, 0.08 for kg of manure DM sold (per ewe per year) and -0.04 for residual DM feed intake. Litter size and lambing frequency were the most important traits in a breeding objective for smallholder production. Relative to the base situation, setting feed costs to zero had similar results as the situation with restricted feed resource but resulted in larger differences. Sensitivity analysis of economic weights to changes in prices and production circumstances indicated that future economic values for traits might change dependent on levels of output and prices. The exceptions, with regard to changes in meat price are kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake, and with regard to feed costs are consumable meat and kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year. Economic values for 12-month lamb live weight, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake were not sensitive to changes in management and marketing circumstances. Caution is recommended when the breeding objectives presented here are applied not to disadvantage smallholders in poor climatic years, when farmers are at their most vulnerable situation.
Keywords: Breeding objectives; Economic values; Sheep; Smallholder farmers; Tropics

Economic values for traits of meat sheep in medium to high production potential areas of the tropics - IS Kosgey; JAM Van Arendonk; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Breeding objectives were developed for meat sheep in smallholder production circumstances in the tropics. The traits considered were litter size, lambing frequency, pre-weaning, and post-weaning lamb survival to 12 months, ewe survival, lamb live weight at 12-month, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake. Three evaluation situations were considered: (i) base with constant number of ewes, (ii) fixed feed resource and (iii) setting feed costs to zero. Sensitivity analysis of economic values to price levels of inputs and meat production was carried out. The fixed feed resource situation appropriately describes smallholder production circumstances. In the base situation, meat production accounted for about 88% of revenue and manure the remaining 12%. Variable costs represented about 95% of the total cost. For the fixed feed resource situation, economic values (US$ per ewe per year) were 12.94 for litter size, 10.18 for lambing frequency, 0.19 for pre-weaning lamb survival, 0.24 for post-weaning lamb survival, 0.36 for ewe survival, 1.02 for 12-month lamb live weight, 0.14 for mature ewe live weight, 0.51 for consumable meat, 0.08 for kg of manure DM sold (per ewe per year) and −0.04 for residual DM feed intake. Litter size and lambing frequency were the most important traits in a breeding objective for smallholder production. Relative to the base situation, setting feed costs to zero had similar results as the situation with restricted feed resource but resulted in larger differences. Sensitivity analysis of economic weights to changes in prices and production circumstances indicated that future economic values for traits might change dependent on levels of output and prices. The exceptions, with regard to changes in meat price are kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake, and with regard to feed costs are consumable meat and kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year. Economic values for 12-month lamb live weight, mature ewe live weight, consumable meat, kg of manure DM sold per ewe per year and residual DM feed intake were not sensitive to changes in management and marketing circumstances. Caution is recommended when the breeding objectives presented here are applied not to disadvantage smallholders in poor climatic years, when farmers are at their most vulnerable situation.
Keywords: Breeding objectives; Economic values; Sheep; Smallholder farmers; Tropics

Economic values for traits of meat sheep in medium to high production potential areas of the tropics - IS Kosgey; Van Arendonk, Johan AM; RL Baker (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Effects of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth of young Spanish goats - T Wuliji; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; S Soto-Navarro; R.C Merkel; G Detweiler; T Gipson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Spanish wether and doeling kids (4.5 months of age; 13.4kg initial BW) were used to determine influences of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth. The experiment consisted of two 9-week periods. Diets were low quality forage (L, prairie hay supplemented with soybean meal), high quality forage (H, dehydrated alfalfa pellets) and 70% concentrate (C). Kids on two treatments consumed L in Period 1, with half switched to C and half to H in Period 2 (LC and LH, respectively). The CC treatment entailed C consumption in both periods, and HH kids were fed H in both periods. For HC, H was fed in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2. DM intake ranked (P<0.05) LC and LH<CC<HC and HH in Period 1 (502, 352, 386, 610 and 636 g per day) and CC and LC<LH, HC and HH in Period 2 (652, 621, 833, 808 and 836 g per day for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). ADG was lowest among treatments (P<0.05) for LC and LH in Period 1 (78, 1, −1, 84 and 80 g per day) and was 53, 82, 112, 92 and 73 g per day in Period 2 for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively (S.E. = 11). Empty body fat concentration at the end of Period 1 was greatest for the C diet and lowest for L (P<0.05; 12.2, 6.4 and 9.0% for C, L and H, respectively), and protein concentration was greatest among treatments (P<0.05) for L (16.8, 20.1 and 18.1% for C, L and H, respectively). At the end of Period 2, empty body fat concentration was 22.0, 15.9, 14.4, 20.1 and 15.2% (S.E.=1.94), and protein concentration was 16.8, 16.9, 17.9, 16.5 and 17.6% (S.E.=0.35) for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). In summary, kids on the L diet in Period 1 mobilized fat to accrete a small amount of protein. Continuous consumption of C resulted in high fat accretion relative to H in both periods. Consumption of H in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2 resulted in growth characteristics slightly different from those with continual intake of C, with a lower concentration of protein in accreted tissue for HC. The diet in Period 2 for kids previously consuming L did not markedly affect tissue accretion. In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed by young Spanish goats can impact current and subsequent rate and composition of BW gain.
Keywords: Diet quality; Goats; Growth

Effects of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth of young Spanish goats - T Wuliji; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; S Soto-Navarro; R.C Merkel; G Detweiler; T Gipson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Spanish wether and doeling kids (4.5 months of age; 13.4kg initial BW) were used to determine influences of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth. The experiment consisted of two 9-week periods. Diets were low quality forage (L, prairie hay supplemented with soybean meal), high quality forage (H, dehydrated alfalfa pellets) and 70% concentrate (C). Kids on two treatments consumed L in Period 1, with half switched to C and half to H in Period 2 (LC and LH, respectively). The CC treatment entailed C consumption in both periods, and HH kids were fed H in both periods. For HC, H was fed in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2. DM intake ranked (P<0.05) LC and LH<CC<HC and HH in Period 1 (502, 352, 386, 610 and 636 g per day) and CC and LC<LH, HC and HH in Period 2 (652, 621, 833, 808 and 836 g per day for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). ADG was lowest among treatments (P<0.05) for LC and LH in Period 1 (78, 1, -1, 84 and 80 g per day) and was 53, 82, 112, 92 and 73 g per day in Period 2 for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively (S.E. = 11). Empty body fat concentration at the end of Period 1 was greatest for the C diet and lowest for L (P<0.05; 12.2, 6.4 and 9.0% for C, L and H, respectively), and protein concentration was greatest among treatments (P<0.05) for L (16.8, 20.1 and 18.1% for C, L and H, respectively). At the end of Period 2, empty body fat concentration was 22.0, 15.9, 14.4, 20.1 and 15.2% (S.E.=1.94), and protein concentration was 16.8, 16.9, 17.9, 16.5 and 17.6% (S.E.=0.35) for CC, LC, LH, HC and HH, respectively). In summary, kids on the L diet in Period 1 mobilized fat to accrete a small amount of protein. Continuous consumption of C resulted in high fat accretion relative to H in both periods. Consumption of H in Period 1 followed by C in Period 2 resulted in growth characteristics slightly different from those with continual intake of C, with a lower concentration of protein in accreted tissue for HC. The diet in Period 2 for kids previously consuming L did not markedly affect tissue accretion. In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed by young Spanish goats can impact current and subsequent rate and composition of BW gain.
Keywords: Diet quality; Goats; Growth

Effects of dosage of FSH, vehicle and time of treatment on ovulation rate and prolificacy in ewes during the anestrous season - M. Knights; Q.S. Baptiste; A.B. Dixon; J.L. Pate; D.J. Marsh; E.K. Inskeep; P.E. Lewis (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The effects of dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), vehicle and time of injection on ovulation rate and prolificacy were evaluated during the anestrous season. Ewes on four farms (n=445) were treated with a CIDR-G® device for 5 days and exposed to rams upon removal of the insert (CRRI, day 0). A 3×2×2 factorial arrangement tested effects of dosage of FSH (Folltropin®; 0, 42 or 68mg NIH-FSH-P1), vehicle (saline:propylene glycol 1:4, v/v [PGL], or 50% polyvinylpyrrolidone K 29–32 [PVP]) and time of injection (12 or 36h before CRRI). Follicular growth was monitored by ultrasonography in four ewes per treatment at injection of FSH, at CRRI, and on days 1–3 post-CRRI. All ewes were examined by ultrasonography on days 10–14 for ovulation rate, and on days 26–31 and 46–51 for pregnancy and number of embryos. The largest follicle (F1) increased in diameter (mm) between FSH injection (5.3±0.1) and day 1 (6.1±0.1; P<0.01). The F1 was larger at CRRI (P≤0.05) in ewes receiving 42 than 0mg FSH, and 68 than 42mg FSH. The F2 increased in diameter (P<0.05) from FSH injection (4.7±0.2) to CRRI (5.2±0.2) and to day 1 (5.8±0.2), but was not affected by treatment. Number of small follicles (≤4mm) did not differ with time or treatment. Number of medium follicles (5mm) declined (P<0.05) between FSH (1.5±0.2) and days 1 (0.8±0.2), 2 (0.9±0.2), and 3 (0.5±0.2). Number of large follicles (≥6mm) increased from FSH (0.6±0.3) to CRRI (1.4±0.3; P<0.05), and day 1 (2.3±0.3; P<0.05), then declined by day 3 (0.6±0.3; P<0.05). There were more large follicles at CRRI (P<0.05) with 68mg (2.1±0.3) or 42mg (1.6±0.2) than 0mg (0.5±0.4) FSH. Ovulation rate (mean 2.12±0.05) increased with FSH given 12h, but not 36h before CRRI (dosage × time, P<0.05). Estrous response, conception rate, percentage of ewes lambing or prolificacy did not differ. However, number of corpora lutea not represented by embryos increased with dosage of FSH (P<0.01; 0.25±0.14, 0.55±0.09, 0.71±0.09 for ewes treated with 0, 42, and 68mg FSH, respectively).
Keywords: Anestrus; Ewes; Follicle stimulating hormone; Follicular dynamics; Ovulation rate; Progesterone; Prolificacy

Effects of dosage of FSH, vehicle and time of treatment on ovulation rate and prolificacy in ewes during the anestrous season - M. Knights; Q.S. Baptiste; A.B. Dixon; J.L. Pate; D.J. Marsh; E.K. Inskeep; P.E. Lewis (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The effects of dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), vehicle and time of injection on ovulation rate and prolificacy were evaluated during the anestrous season. Ewes on four farms (n=445) were treated with a CIDR-G® device for 5 days and exposed to rams upon removal of the insert (CRRI, day 0). A 3×2×2 factorial arrangement tested effects of dosage of FSH (Folltropin®; 0, 42 or 68mg NIH-FSH-P1), vehicle (saline:propylene glycol 1:4, v/v [PGL], or 50% polyvinylpyrrolidone K 29–32 [PVP]) and time of injection (12 or 36h before CRRI). Follicular growth was monitored by ultrasonography in four ewes per treatment at injection of FSH, at CRRI, and on days 1–3 post-CRRI. All ewes were examined by ultrasonography on days 10–14 for ovulation rate, and on days 26–31 and 46–51 for pregnancy and number of embryos. The largest follicle (F1) increased in diameter (mm) between FSH injection (5.3±0.1) and day 1 (6.1±0.1; P<0.01). The F1 was larger at CRRI (P<=0.05) in ewes receiving 42 than 0mg FSH, and 68 than 42mg FSH. The F2 increased in diameter (P<0.05) from FSH injection (4.7±0.2) to CRRI (5.2±0.2) and to day 1 (5.8±0.2), but was not affected by treatment. Number of small follicles (<=4mm) did not differ with time or treatment. Number of medium follicles (5mm) declined (P<0.05) between FSH (1.5±0.2) and days 1 (0.8±0.2), 2 (0.9±0.2), and 3 (0.5±0.2). Number of large follicles (>=6mm) increased from FSH (0.6±0.3) to CRRI (1.4±0.3; P<0.05), and day 1 (2.3±0.3; P<0.05), then declined by day 3 (0.6±0.3; P<0.05). There were more large follicles at CRRI (P<0.05) with 68mg (2.1±0.3) or 42mg (1.6±0.2) than 0mg (0.5±0.4) FSH. Ovulation rate (mean 2.12±0.05) increased with FSH given 12h, but not 36h before CRRI (dosage × time, P<0.05). Estrous response, conception rate, percentage of ewes lambing or prolificacy did not differ. However, number of corpora lutea not represented by embryos increased with dosage of FSH (P<0.01; 0.25±0.14, 0.55±0.09, 0.71±0.09 for ewes treated with 0, 42, and 68mg FSH, respectively).
Keywords: Anestrus; Ewes; Follicle stimulating hormone; Follicular dynamics; Ovulation rate; Progesterone; Prolificacy

Effects of gastrointestinal helminth infections and plane of nutrition on the health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf × Sahelian) goat crosses in The Gambia - D. Faye; S. Leak; S. Nouala; A. Fall; B. Losson; S. Geerts (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A two by two factorial design including natural helminth infections (dewormed ‘D’ or not dewormed ‘ND’) and different levels of diet (basal ‘B’ or basal diet plus supplement ‘S’) was used to assess the effect of helminth infections and plane of nutrition on health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf (WAD) × Sahelian) crosses. The pasture composed the basal diet and supplemented animals received cottonseed and rice bran. Feed composition analysis revealed that the pasture did not provide sufficient nutrients for reproduction requirements. Feed supplementation had a significant effect on weight gain of does during pregnancy and lactation, and milk off-take was significantly higher in supplemented does compared to non-supplemented ones (31.3±2.5l versus 17.7±2.5l respectively, P<0.01). A peri-parturient rise in strongyle egg output was noted, and diet supplementation tended to reduce faecal egg count and to increase packed cell volume (PCV), mainly during the dry season. Deworming had a significant effect on red blood cell (RBC) count, PCV and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mainly during the period of peak strongyle egg output (season × deworming: P<0.001 for RBC and PCV and P<0.05 for Hb). Helminth infections combined with a basal diet seriously affected weight gain but the interaction of deworming and diet was not significant. In groups receiving the basal diet, dewormed animals had a significantly higher milk yield than those that were not dewormed (23.5±3.3l versus 12.0±3.7l, respectively; interaction diet × deworming: P<0.05). The higher daily weight gains of offspring born from dewormed does might be explained by the fact that, in addition to the effect of deworming on milk yield in animals receiving basal diet, the kids were less exposed to helminth eggs, whereas does that were not dewormed constituted a greater source of helminth infection for their kids.
Keywords: F1 crosses; Goats; Helminths; Nutrition; Productivity; Sahelian; West African Dwarf

Effects of gastrointestinal helminth infections and plane of nutrition on the health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf × Sahelian) goat crosses in The Gambia - D. Faye; S. Leak; S. Nouala; A. Fall; B. Losson; S. Geerts (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
A two by two factorial design including natural helminth infections (dewormed ‘D’ or not dewormed ‘ND’) and different levels of diet (basal ‘B’ or basal diet plus supplement ‘S’) was used to assess the effect of helminth infections and plane of nutrition on health and productivity of F1 (West African Dwarf (WAD) × Sahelian) crosses. The pasture composed the basal diet and supplemented animals received cottonseed and rice bran. Feed composition analysis revealed that the pasture did not provide sufficient nutrients for reproduction requirements. Feed supplementation had a significant effect on weight gain of does during pregnancy and lactation, and milk off-take was significantly higher in supplemented does compared to non-supplemented ones (31.3±2.5l versus 17.7±2.5l respectively, P<0.01). A peri-parturient rise in strongyle egg output was noted, and diet supplementation tended to reduce faecal egg count and to increase packed cell volume (PCV), mainly during the dry season. Deworming had a significant effect on red blood cell (RBC) count, PCV and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mainly during the period of peak strongyle egg output (season × deworming: P<0.001 for RBC and PCV and P<0.05 for Hb). Helminth infections combined with a basal diet seriously affected weight gain but the interaction of deworming and diet was not significant. In groups receiving the basal diet, dewormed animals had a significantly higher milk yield than those that were not dewormed (23.5±3.3l versus 12.0±3.7l, respectively; interaction diet × deworming: P<0.05). The higher daily weight gains of offspring born from dewormed does might be explained by the fact that, in addition to the effect of deworming on milk yield in animals receiving basal diet, the kids were less exposed to helminth eggs, whereas does that were not dewormed constituted a greater source of helminth infection for their kids.
Keywords: F1 crosses; Goats; Helminths; Nutrition; Productivity; Sahelian; West African Dwarf

Effects of ruminally degraded nitrogen source and level in a high concentrate diet on site of digestion in yearling Boer × Spanish wether goats - S.A. Soto-Navarro; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; L.J. Dawson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight yearling Boer×Spanish wether goats (36.6±2.3kg average initial BW) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in an experiment with two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares to study effects of dietary level of CP, the ratio of ruminally degraded intake N or protein (DIP) to TDN and source of supplemental DIP on site of digestion with a high concentrate diet. Diets were formulated to be (DM basis) 9.2% CP, without inclusion of urea (U0) or soybean meal (SBM; S0); 11.3%, CP achieved with 0.73% urea (U1) or 4.48% SBM (S1); 13.3% CP, via use of 1.46% urea (U2) or 8.90% SBM (S2); or 15.2% CP, derived through use of 2.16% urea (U3) or 13.2% SBM (S3). The ratio of DIP:TDN was 0.073, 0.104, 0.136, 0.167, 0.073, 0.093, 0.113 and 0.132 for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively. Diets contained 30% cottonseed hulls and were corn-based and fed at 2% BW (DM basis). Apparent ruminal N digestibility increased quadratically as level of supplemental CP rose (−71.6, −39.9, −20.5, 8.5, −60.3, −12.5, −8.4 and −3.5% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively; S.E.=6.6). Microbial OM and N flows to duodenum decreased linearly as CP level increased. Ruminal and total tract NDF digestibilities (e.g. total tract: 51.3, 57.6, 57.7, 57.4, 49.7, 52.3, 53.2 and 53.2% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively) increased linearly and tended to change quadratically as CP level increased. In conclusion, a dietary CP concentration of 11–13% and DIP:TDN ratio of 0.10–0.11 were adequate for maximal total tract OM digestibility in meat goats consuming a corn-based, high concentrate diet, regardless of supplementation with a source of non-protein versus natural protein, although magnitudes of difference in digestibility with lower levels were not marked. A dietary CP concentration of 9–10% and ratio of DIP to TDN of 0.073 were sufficient for highest microbial protein production. With ample tissue N reserves, the ability of meat goats to recycle N may preclude realization of substantial benefits from supplementing high concentrate diets around 9% CP with additional DIP, and high concentrate diets appear to satisfy microbial needs for non-ammonia nitrogenous compounds.
Keywords: Goats; Ruminally degraded N; Soybean meal; Urea

Effects of ruminally degraded nitrogen source and level in a high concentrate diet on site of digestion in yearling Boer × Spanish wether goats - S.A. Soto-Navarro; A.L Goetsch; T Sahlu; R Puchala; L.J. Dawson (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Eight yearling Boer×Spanish wether goats (36.6±2.3kg average initial BW) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in an experiment with two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares to study effects of dietary level of CP, the ratio of ruminally degraded intake N or protein (DIP) to TDN and source of supplemental DIP on site of digestion with a high concentrate diet. Diets were formulated to be (DM basis) 9.2% CP, without inclusion of urea (U0) or soybean meal (SBM; S0); 11.3%, CP achieved with 0.73% urea (U1) or 4.48% SBM (S1); 13.3% CP, via use of 1.46% urea (U2) or 8.90% SBM (S2); or 15.2% CP, derived through use of 2.16% urea (U3) or 13.2% SBM (S3). The ratio of DIP:TDN was 0.073, 0.104, 0.136, 0.167, 0.073, 0.093, 0.113 and 0.132 for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively. Diets contained 30% cottonseed hulls and were corn-based and fed at 2% BW (DM basis). Apparent ruminal N digestibility increased quadratically as level of supplemental CP rose (-71.6, -39.9, -20.5, 8.5, -60.3, -12.5, -8.4 and -3.5% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively; S.E.=6.6). Microbial OM and N flows to duodenum decreased linearly as CP level increased. Ruminal and total tract NDF digestibilities (e.g. total tract: 51.3, 57.6, 57.7, 57.4, 49.7, 52.3, 53.2 and 53.2% for U0, U1, U2, U3, S0, S1, S2 and S3, respectively) increased linearly and tended to change quadratically as CP level increased. In conclusion, a dietary CP concentration of 11–13% and DIP:TDN ratio of 0.10–0.11 were adequate for maximal total tract OM digestibility in meat goats consuming a corn-based, high concentrate diet, regardless of supplementation with a source of non-protein versus natural protein, although magnitudes of difference in digestibility with lower levels were not marked. A dietary CP concentration of 9–10% and ratio of DIP to TDN of 0.073 were sufficient for highest microbial protein production. With ample tissue N reserves, the ability of meat goats to recycle N may preclude realization of substantial benefits from supplementing high concentrate diets around 9% CP with additional DIP, and high concentrate diets appear to satisfy microbial needs for non-ammonia nitrogenous compounds.
Keywords: Goats; Ruminally degraded N; Soybean meal; Urea

Effects of supplementation of grass hay with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial nitrogen supply in rams - Yoseph Mekasha; Azage Tegegne; Alemu Yami; N.N. Umunna; I.V. Nsahlai (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Effect of supplementation with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation pattern and microbial nitrogen supply was studied in sheep fed grass hay for 9 days. Diets consisted of hay alone (control); hay supplemented with tela atella (traditional brewery residue); katikala atella (liquor residue); lentil hull; rough pea hull and field pea hull. Thirty indigenous rams weighing 22.6±0.97kg, were stratified into weight groups and randomly assigned to dietary treatments independently. Supplementation reduced (P<0.05) rumen pH, but improved (P<0.001) rumen ammonia, total VFA, microbial nitrogen supply (P<0.01) and microbial efficiency (P<0.05). Supplement types did not affect (P>0.05) rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen supply, but showed difference (P<0.001) for propionate and butyrate concentrations. Type of atella supplements showed variation, whereby rumen pH was low (P<0.05), but rumen ammonia, VFA, molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were high (P<0.001) for katikala atella compared to tela atella. Lentil hull had higher (P<0.01) rumen ammonia concentration, microbial nitrogen supply and microbial efficiency than other pulse hull supplements. It was concluded that both atella and pulse hulls have potential as supplements for ruminants. More specifically lentil hull and katikala atella seemed to be superior in their diverse nutritive characteristics among the supplements studied.
Keywords: Attela; Microbial protein; Pulse hulls; Rumen fermentation

Effects of supplementation of grass hay with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial nitrogen supply in rams - Yoseph Mekasha; Azage Tegegne; Alemu Yami; N.N. Umunna; I.V. Nsahlai (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Effect of supplementation with non-conventional agro-industrial by-products on rumen fermentation pattern and microbial nitrogen supply was studied in sheep fed grass hay for 9 days. Diets consisted of hay alone (control); hay supplemented with tela atella (traditional brewery residue); katikala atella (liquor residue); lentil hull; rough pea hull and field pea hull. Thirty indigenous rams weighing 22.6±0.97kg, were stratified into weight groups and randomly assigned to dietary treatments independently. Supplementation reduced (P<0.05) rumen pH, but improved (P<0.001) rumen ammonia, total VFA, microbial nitrogen supply (P<0.01) and microbial efficiency (P<0.05). Supplement types did not affect (P>0.05) rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen supply, but showed difference (P<0.001) for propionate and butyrate concentrations. Type of atella supplements showed variation, whereby rumen pH was low (P<0.05), but rumen ammonia, VFA, molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were high (P<0.001) for katikala atella compared to tela atella. Lentil hull had higher (P<0.01) rumen ammonia concentration, microbial nitrogen supply and microbial efficiency than other pulse hull supplements. It was concluded that both atella and pulse hulls have potential as supplements for ruminants. More specifically lentil hull and katikala atella seemed to be superior in their diverse nutritive characteristics among the supplements studied.
Keywords: Attela; Microbial protein; Pulse hulls; Rumen fermentation

Emerging Solutions for Musical Arts Education in Africa - Isaac W. Shitubi (African minds. ISBN-1-920051-11-2, 2003)

An epidemiological study on Babesia infection in small ruminants in Mashhad suburb, Khorasan province, Iran - G.R. Razmi; A. Naghibi; M.R. Aslani; K. Dastjerdi; H. Hossieni (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The prevalence of Babesia infection was studied in sheep and goats in Mashhad area from 1998 to 2000. A total of 391 sheep and 385 goats from 77 flocks were clinically examined for the presence of Babesia blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. The study revealed that 26.1% of sheep and 14.8% of goats were infected with Babesia. The prevalence of Babesia ovis and Babesia motasi in sheep and goats were 23.5%, 0.5% and 14%, 0.5%, respectively. Double (mixed) infections occurred in 10 sheep (2.5%) and 1 goat (0.25%). The prevalence of Babesia infection between male and female and between different age groups of sheep and goats were statistically non-significant. Seasonally, the prevalence of Babesia infection in sheep reached highest level in August (56%), while a decrease was observed in September reaching the lowest level In February and March. The monthly prevalence of Babesia in goats was not significant. The clinical signs of Babesiosis were observed in 8% of infected sheep and 6.8% of infected goats. The percentage of infected sheep with higher parasitemia was more than infected goats. In this study, five ixodid species were collected from sheep and goats. The Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma marginatum, were the most common species in sheep and goats. Other tick species encountered were Dermacentor daghestanicus in goats and Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma asiaticum in sheep. The attachment sites of R. sanguineus and H. marginatum, H. anatolicum were around the anus, but D. daghestanicus was in the shoulder region.
Keywords: epidemiology; Goat; Sheep; Tick

An epidemiological study on Babesia infection in small ruminants in Mashhad suburb, Khorasan province, Iran - G.R. Razmi; A. Naghibi; M.R. Aslani; K. Dastjerdi; H. Hossieni (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
The prevalence of Babesia infection was studied in sheep and goats in Mashhad area from 1998 to 2000. A total of 391 sheep and 385 goats from 77 flocks were clinically examined for the presence of Babesia blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. The study revealed that 26.1% of sheep and 14.8% of goats were infected with Babesia. The prevalence of Babesia ovis and Babesia motasi in sheep and goats were 23.5%, 0.5% and 14%, 0.5%, respectively. Double (mixed) infections occurred in 10 sheep (2.5%) and 1 goat (0.25%). The prevalence of Babesia infection between male and female and between different age groups of sheep and goats were statistically non-significant. Seasonally, the prevalence of Babesia infection in sheep reached highest level in August (56%), while a decrease was observed in September reaching the lowest level In February and March. The monthly prevalence of Babesia in goats was not significant. The clinical signs of Babesiosis were observed in 8% of infected sheep and 6.8% of infected goats. The percentage of infected sheep with higher parasitemia was more than infected goats. In this study, five ixodid species were collected from sheep and goats. The Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma marginatum, were the most common species in sheep and goats. Other tick species encountered were Dermacentor daghestanicus in goats and Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma asiaticum in sheep. The attachment sites of R. sanguineus and H. marginatum, H. anatolicum were around the anus, but D. daghestanicus was in the shoulder region.
Keywords: epidemiology; Goat; Sheep; Tick

An evaluation of the special schools' curriculum for students with mental retardation in Kenya - Syomwene, A.; Kitainge, K. M. (First international conference on cognition, language and special education Research: Reimagining Practice - researching change, 2003)

External Influence on the Litungu Traditional Popular Music of the Luhya in Kenya. - Isaac W. Shitubi (Pan African Society for Musical Arts Education in Africa held Kisumu Kenya, 2003)

Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs immunized against recombinant LHRH fusion proteins at 10 weeks of age - Hasan Ülker; Özdal Gökdal; Turgut Aygün; Ferda Karakuş; David M. DeAvila; Jerry J. Reeves (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Body growth, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs (n=16) immunized against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 10 weeks of age with recombinant LHRH fusion proteins were investigated. Recombinant fusion proteins, ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 were produced using recombinant DNA technology. Animals were immunized (n=8) against LHRH with ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 recombinant protein mixture in the Freund’s complete adjuvant. The immunization group received two booster injections 4 and 8 weeks later, with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Animals in control group (n=8) were not treated. Animals were kept at relatively poor pasture until 27 weeks of age. This was followed by a 70 days finishing period that involved housing in groups and ad libitum feeding with concentrate. Carcasses were evaluated after chilling for 24h at +4°C. Live weights, finishing weight, weight gain and average daily weight gain were similar between groups (P>0.05). Carcass measurements, loin eye muscle area and back fat thickness were not affected from immunization. Immunization did not affect hot and cold carcass weights, dressing percentage, offal items and wholesale cuts weights. Immunized animals had smaller testis, chop and bone weights than control animals (P<0.05). It was concluded that immunological castration could be achieved at 10 weeks of age in ram lambs using new recombinant LHRH fusion proteins and used in finishing programs without adverse effect on growth rate, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these proteins should be further evaluated with more animals.
Keywords: Carcass traits; Feedlot performance; Immunocastration; Ram lambs; Recombinant protein

Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs immunized against recombinant LHRH fusion proteins at 10 weeks of age - Hasan Ülker; Özdal Gökdal; Turgut Aygün; Ferda Karakuş; David M. DeAvila; Jerry J. Reeves (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Body growth, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of ram lambs (n=16) immunized against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 10 weeks of age with recombinant LHRH fusion proteins were investigated. Recombinant fusion proteins, ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 were produced using recombinant DNA technology. Animals were immunized (n=8) against LHRH with ovalbumin–LHRH-7 and thioredoxin–LHRH-7 recombinant protein mixture in the Freund’s complete adjuvant. The immunization group received two booster injections 4 and 8 weeks later, with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Animals in control group (n=8) were not treated. Animals were kept at relatively poor pasture until 27 weeks of age. This was followed by a 70 days finishing period that involved housing in groups and ad libitum feeding with concentrate. Carcasses were evaluated after chilling for 24h at +4°C. Live weights, finishing weight, weight gain and average daily weight gain were similar between groups (P>0.05). Carcass measurements, loin eye muscle area and back fat thickness were not affected from immunization. Immunization did not affect hot and cold carcass weights, dressing percentage, offal items and wholesale cuts weights. Immunized animals had smaller testis, chop and bone weights than control animals (P<0.05). It was concluded that immunological castration could be achieved at 10 weeks of age in ram lambs using new recombinant LHRH fusion proteins and used in finishing programs without adverse effect on growth rate, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these proteins should be further evaluated with more animals.
Keywords: Carcass traits; Feedlot performance; Immunocastration; Ram lambs; Recombinant protein

Full-title (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)

Gastro-intenstinal tract perforation in neonates - R T Kuremu; G P Hadley; Wiersma, R (East African medical journal, 2003)

Gastro-intestinal Tract Perforation in Neonates in KwaZulu-Natal - Kuremu, R Tenge (University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2003)

Gender relations and sexual activity among the Youth and the role of the Church in Kenya: A case study of Uasin Gishu District - Karanja, Eunice Kamaara (Moi University, 2003)

Guidelines for Adolescent Health Research - Santelli, J.; Rogers, A.; Rosenfeld, W.; DuRant, R.; Dubler, N.; Morreale, M. (J Adolesc Heal, 2003)

Health and nutritional status of orphans <6 years old cared for by relatives in western Kenya - Lindblade, K. A.; Odhiambo, F.; Rosen, D. H.; DeCock, K. M. (Trop Med Int Health, 2003)

HIV incidence among street youth in Montreal, Canada - Roy, E.; Haley, N.; Leclerc, P.; Cedras, L.; Weber, A. E. (AIDS, 2003)

Humoral and cellular response in lambs vaccinated against Haemonchus contortus with p26/23 - I.A Domı́nguez-Toraño; F.J Fernández-Pérez; M.T Gómez-Muñoz; J.M Alunda; M Cuquerella (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Antigen recognition patterns (Western blotting) and lymphoproliferative response (local and peripheral) have been determined in lambs immunised and partially protected against haemonchosis with p26/23, a purified somatic fraction of Haemonchus contortus. Immunoprotective response induced by p26/23 was accompanied by both specific lymphoproliferative response and serum anti-Haemonchus antibodies. Western blotting showed an extensive reactivity of sera from p26/23 vaccinated lambs with peptides from adult soluble extract of the parasite at 23–26, 34–55, 55 and 65kDa levels. Immunised lambs exhibited, after challenge, significantly higher lymphoproliferative responses (systemic and local) than all other animals groups (unvaccinated, adjuvant control animals, uninfected lambs). Challenge infection was accompanied by significant weight increases of abomasal lymph nodes; in addition specific peripheral and abomasal cell responses were correlated.
Keywords: Cellular response; ELISA; Lambs; Vaccination

Humoral and cellular response in lambs vaccinated against Haemonchus contortus with p26/23 - I.A Domı́nguez-Toraño; F.J Fernández-Pérez; M.T Gómez-Muñoz; J.M Alunda; M Cuquerella (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Antigen recognition patterns (Western blotting) and lymphoproliferative response (local and peripheral) have been determined in lambs immunised and partially protected against haemonchosis with p26/23, a purified somatic fraction of Haemonchus contortus. Immunoprotective response induced by p26/23 was accompanied by both specific lymphoproliferative response and serum anti-Haemonchus antibodies. Western blotting showed an extensive reactivity of sera from p26/23 vaccinated lambs with peptides from adult soluble extract of the parasite at 23–26, 34–55, 55 and 65kDa levels. Immunised lambs exhibited, after challenge, significantly higher lymphoproliferative responses (systemic and local) than all other animals groups (unvaccinated, adjuvant control animals, uninfected lambs). Challenge infection was accompanied by significant weight increases of abomasal lymph nodes; in addition specific peripheral and abomasal cell responses were correlated.
Keywords: Cellular response; ELISA; Lambs; Vaccination

Influence of transforming growth factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-II, epidermal growth factor or follicle stimulating hormone on in vitro development of preantral follicles in sheep - N.C. Hemamalini; B.S. Rao; G. Tamilmani; D. Amarnath; R. Vagdevi; K.S. Naidu; K.K. Reddy; V.H. Rao (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
In an attempt to identify factor(s) that influence in vitro development of preantral follicles (PFs) in sheep, small (40–60μm in diameter) and large (61–100μm in diameter) PFs were cultured for 6 days in tissue culture medium (TCM 199) supplemented with transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Increase in follicle diameter, oocyte diameter, induction of new DNA synthesis in the follicular cells and increase in number of follicular cells per follicle were measured as the indicators of development. Only EGF supplemented medium increased the follicle diameter, number of follicular cells and also induced intense DNA synthesis in both small and large PFs. TGF-α, IGF-II and FSH on the other hand were able to stimulate intense DNA synthesis only in large PFs. None of the supplemented media caused an increase in oocyte diameter. It is proposed that EGF stimulates the development of preantral follicles of sheep up to 100μm in diameter.
Keywords: Growth factors; In vitro culture; Preantral follicles; Sheep

Influence of transforming growth factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-II, epidermal growth factor or follicle stimulating hormone on in vitro development of preantral follicles in sheep - N.C. Hemamalini; B.S. Rao; G. Tamilmani; D. Amarnath; R. Vagdevi; K.S. Naidu; K.K. Reddy; V.H. Rao (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
In an attempt to identify factor(s) that influence in vitro development of preantral follicles (PFs) in sheep, small (40–60μm in diameter) and large (61–100μm in diameter) PFs were cultured for 6 days in tissue culture medium (TCM 199) supplemented with transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Increase in follicle diameter, oocyte diameter, induction of new DNA synthesis in the follicular cells and increase in number of follicular cells per follicle were measured as the indicators of development. Only EGF supplemented medium increased the follicle diameter, number of follicular cells and also induced intense DNA synthesis in both small and large PFs. TGF-α, IGF-II and FSH on the other hand were able to stimulate intense DNA synthesis only in large PFs. None of the supplemented media caused an increase in oocyte diameter. It is proposed that EGF stimulates the development of preantral follicles of sheep up to 100μm in diameter.
Keywords: Growth factors; In vitro culture; Preantral follicles; Sheep

Keynote Lectures - Watzl, Bernhard; Bub, Achim; Briviba, Karlis; Rechkemmer, Gerhard; Thorsdottir, I; Ramel, A; Attri, Jyotika; Dhawan, Veena; Mahmood, Safrun; Pandhi, Promila; others (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2003)

Kiswahili fasaha: kitabu cha mwanafunzi. Kidato cha kwanza - Waititu, Francis; Ipara, Isaac; Okaalo. Bilha O. (Oxford University Press, 2003)

Kiswahili fasaha: mwongozo wa mwalimu. Kidato cha kwanza - Waititu, Francis G; Ipara, Isaac; Okaalo, Bilha O (Oxford University Press, 2003)

Kiswahili sanifu: kitabu cha mwanafunzi - Bakhressa, Salim Khamis; Islam, Islam K; Waititu, Francis G (Oxford University Press, 2003)

La Question Asiatique: Peter Nazareth et Moyez Vassanji, Deux Romanciers en Exil - Peter Simatei (Notre Librarie: Revue des Litteratures du Sud., 2003)

Linguistic effects of English on Luyia languages - Kisembe, Lynn (Estudios de Lingü{\'ıstica Aplicada, 2003)

Maasai commu nity wild life sanc tu aries in Tsavo-Amboseli, Kenya - Moses Okello; Seno, S Ole; Bobby Wishitemi (Parks, 2003)

Making choices in health: WHO guide to cost-effectiveness analysis (World Health Organization, 2003)

Modeling of ultra-widely tunable vertical cavity air-gap filters and VCSELs - Prott, Cornelia; Romer, Friedhard; Ataro, Edwin O; Daleiden, Jürgen; Irmer, Sören; Tarraf, Amer; Hillmer, Hartmut (IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, 2003)

Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? - Paul Wambua; Jan Ivens; Ignaas Verpoest (Composites Science and Technology, 2003)
In this work, natural fibres (sisal, kenaf, hemp, jute and coir) reinforced polypropylene composites were processed by compression moulding using a film stacking method. The mechanical properties of the different natural fibre composites were tested and compared. A further comparison was made with the corresponding properties of glass mat reinforced polypropylene composites from the open literature. Kenaf, hemp and sisal composites showed comparable tensile strength and modulus results but in impact properties hemp appears to out-perform kenaf. The tensile modulus, impact strength and the ultimate tensile stress of kenaf reinforced polypropylene composites were found to increase with increasing fibre weight fraction. Coir fibre composites displayed the lowest mechanical properties, but their impact strength was higher than that of jute and kenaf composites. In most cases the specific properties of the natural fibre composites were found to compare favourably with those of glass.
Keywords: A. Glass fibres; B. Interfacial strength; B. Mechanical properties; Natural fibres

Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? - Paul Wambua; Jan Ivens; Ignaas Verpoest (Composites science and technology, 2003)

New rearing systems for Tuj (Tushin) lambs - M. Saatci; S. Yildiz; I. Kaya (Small Ruminant Research, 2003)
Traditional rearing system based on pasture and hay supplementation was compared with rearing systems based on supplementation of barley based concentrate on Tuj lambs. Male Tuj lambs (n=18) were used in three groups with six lambs in each group. Group T was a control managed as a traditional system with grazing and hay as the main feed sources. In Group TC, lambs were separated from the main flock once a day and offered 500g concentrate per animal. Lambs in Group C were also separated from the main flock and fed 175g per day per animal hay and 1kg per day per animal concentrate. At the end of a 150 days experimental period, lambs were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated. Liveweights of Groups T, TC and C were 36.4, 38.2 and 41.3kg, respectively, and cold carcass weights were 17.1, 18.1 and 19.7kg, respectively (P<0.05). The results suggest that liveweight and carcass weight can be improved by supplementary feeding of lambs. Economic aspects of concentrate usage were also evaluated. It was concluded that feeding animals with barley based concentrate instead of hay is profitable for breeders.
Keywords: Carcass; Growth; Rearing system; Tuj lambs