Publications

Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among medical students in Eldoret, Kenya. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study of all medical students who gave consent to participate in the study. Undertaken at Moi University's School of Medicine in Eldoret, Kenya. Comprising two hundred and fifty three (253) undergraduate medical students, with a mean age of 23.7 years (19-42, s.d. 4.1), of whom 51{%} were female. Measuring ADHD symptomatology using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1). Results: The prevalence rate of self-reported ADHD symptoms using the ASRS screener was 23.7{%}. This was significantly associated with being in the age-group 17-20 years compared (p{\textless}0.05). The prevalence rate was higher among females (25.6{%}) than among males (21.8{%}), but this difference was not statistically significant. Preclinical students had a higher prevalence rate of ADHD symptoms (28.7{%}) compared to clinical students (19.6{%}), but this was also not statistically significant. Using a modification of the ASRS full symptom checklist to approximate a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) ADHD diagnosis yielded a 'possible ADHD' prevalence rate of 8.7{%}. Of these, the inattentive type was the most common (40.9{%}). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of self-reported ADHD symptoms among medical students in Eldoret is very high and possibly interferes with the students' social and academic functioning. Further studies are suggested to generate information on the real ADHD prevalence in the general population and in special populations such as schools and colleges.

Most industrial processes like fermentation, hydrogenation, oxidation, water treatment, petrochemical, nuclear and aerospace involve intimate contact between continuous phase and dispersed phase. Bubble columns and external loop airlifts are commonly used in these operations. Although these reactors are widely used, and extensive research has been carried out there exists no perfect model to characterize the local hydrodynamics and mass transfer. Computational fluid dynamics has also evolved recently trying to model the flow and transfer within these reactors but a lot of results are conflicting. Besides, there is a need to validate these results with experimental work. This work is dedicated to the experimental methods of measuring the local parameters such as the gas hold-up, the bubble velocities, the liquid velocity, bubble sizes. Two intrusive methods are used in this study, hot film anemometry for measurements of liquid phase and bi-optic probe for the gas phase. Although intrusive methods may interfere with fluid flow, presently they are the most adapted for real industrial processes with opaque equipment walls and high gas hold-ups compared to non-intrusive methods such as imagery. In this study, an external loop airlift of 16.5 l capacity is used. Local variables are measured in the riser of an external loop airlift reactor in air/water medium. The results are presented in the form of the radial profiles of void fraction, bubble diameter, liquid velocities at superficial gas velocities ranging from 0.03 to 0.11 m/s. The axial variations of the same parameters are also investigated. The results suggest that the bi-optical probe and hot film anemometer can reliably predict flow characteristics in high gas hold up contactors.

The objective of this study was to define breeding objectives and consequently determine optimum crossbreeding levels for goats in the smallholder production systems. Profits and economic values (EVs) were estimated for four genotypes namely (a) original stock or local goat breeds with 0% German Alpine blood level (OS), (b) F1 with 50% German Alpine blood level (F1), (c) first backcross with 75% German Alpine blood level (B1) and (d) second backcross with 87.5% German Alpine blood level (B2). The EVs were estimated for average daily milk yield (DMY, kg), average post-weaning daily gain (ADG, kg), number of kids weaned (NKW), mature weight (MW, kg) and 12-month live weight (LW, kg). Profitability in Kenyan Shilling (KES) without risk was optimal (KES 6038.02) for the B1 genotype. Economic values without risk for most traits were highest for the F1 genotype, i.e., KES 64.85 (ADG), 24.02 (NKW), -27.55 (MW) and 84.51 (LW). There was, however, a 23% reduction in profits in the F1 genotype. It was evident that crossbreeding would improve the profitability of the smallholder farms, but not beyond the 75% grade level. A similar trend was observed when risk was incorporated. Differences in profitability with and without risk were less than 0.005% for all the genotypes. However, differences in EVs were large, ranging from -28% to +19%; DMY had the largest differences. Therefore, incorporation of risk in estimation of EVs for traits of importance is necessary. This study has also demonstrated that crossbreeding to a higher grade level is not necessarily compensated for by a high performance in most traits. Therefore, a crossbreeding program targeting B1 (75%) crossbreds would be desirable for implementation in the smallholder production systems.