@article {Fayyad2017,
	title = {{The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys}},
	journal = {ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016, Springer-Verlag Wien. We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5{\%} mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8{\%} across surveys and was higher in high (3.6{\%})- and upper-middle (3.0{\%})- than low-/lower-middle (1.4{\%})-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0{\%} among childhood cases and 41.1{\%} among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.},
	keywords = {ADHD, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Comorbidity, Disability epidemiology, Impairment, Prevalence, Treatment},
	issn = {18666647},
	doi = {10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3},
	author = {Fayyad, J. and Sampson, N.A. and Hwang, I. and Adamowski, T. and Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. and Al-Hamzawi, A. and Andrade, L.H.S.G. and Borges, G. and de Girolamo, G. and Florescu, S. and Gureje, O. and Haro, J.M. and Hu, C. and Karam, E. G. and Lee, S. and Navarro-Mateu, F. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, S. and Pennell, B.-E. and Piazza, M. and Posada-Villa, J. and ten Have, M. and Torres, Y. and Xavier, M. and Zaslavsky, A.M. and Kessler, R. C. and Adamowski, T. and Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. and Al-Hamzawi, A. and Al-Kaisy, M. and Subaie, A.A. and Alonso, J. and Altwaijri, Y. and Andrade, L.H. and Atwoli, L. and Auerbach, R.P. and Axinn, W.G. and Benjet, C. and Borges, G. and Bossarte, R.M. and Bromet, E.J. and Bruffaerts, R. and Bunting, B. and Caffo, E. and de Almeida, J.M.C. and Cardoso, G. and Cia, A.H. and Chardoul, S. and Chatterji, S. and Filho, A.C. and Cuijpers, P. and Degenhardt, L. and de Girolamo, G. and de Graaf, R. and de Jonge, P. and Demyttenaere, K. and Ebert, D.D. and Evans-Lacko, S. and Fayyad, J. and Fiestas, F. and Florescu, S. and Forresi, B. and Galea, S. and Germine, L. and Gilman, S.E. and Ghimire, D.J. and Glantz, M.D. and Gureje, O. and Haro, J.M. and He, Y. and Hinkov, H. and Hu, C.-Y. and Huang, Y. and Karam, A.N. and Karam, E. G. and Kawakami, N. and Kessler, R. C. and Kiejna, A. and Koenen, K.C. and Kovess-Masfety, V. and Lago, L. and Lara, C. and Lee, S. and Lepine, J.-P. and Levav, I. and Levinson, D. and Liu, Z. and Martins, S.S. and Matschinger, H. and McGrath, J.J. and McLaughlin, K. A. and Medina-Mora, M.E. and Mneimneh, Z. and Moskalewicz, J. and Murphy, S.D. and Navarro-Mateu, F. and Nock, M.K. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, S. and Oakley-Browne, M. and {Hans Ormel}, J. and Pennell, B.-E. and Piazza, M. and Pinder-Amaker, S. and Piotrowski, P. and Posada-Villa, J. and Ruscio, A. M. and Scott, K.M. and Shahly, V. and Silove, D. and Slade, T. and Smoller, J.W. and Stagnaro, J.C. and Stein, D. J. and Street, A.E. and Tachimori, H. and Taib, N. and Have, M. and Thornicroft, G. and Torres, Y. and Viana, M. C. and Vilagut, G. and Wells, E. and Williams, D.R. and Williams, M.A. and Wojtyniak, B. and Zaslavsky, A.M.}
}
