@article {Degenhardt2017,
	title = {{Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: an analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys}},
	journal = {World Psychiatry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017 World Psychiatric Association Substance use is a major cause of disability globally. This has been recognized in the recent United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in which treatment coverage for substance use disorders is identified as one of the indicators. There have been no estimates of this treatment coverage cross-nationally, making it difficult to know what is the baseline for that SDG target. Here we report data from the World Health Organization (WHO){\textquoteright}s World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS), based on representative community household surveys in 26 countries. We assessed the 12-month prevalence of substance use disorders (alcohol or drug abuse/dependence); the proportion of people with these disorders who were aware that they needed treatment and who wished to receive care; the proportion of those seeking care who received it; and the proportion of such treatment that met minimal standards for treatment quality ({\textquotedblleft}minimally adequate treatment{\textquotedblright}). Among the 70,880 participants, 2.6{\%} met 12-month criteria for substance use disorders; the prevalence was higher in upper-middle income (3.3{\%}) than in high-income (2.6{\%}) and low/lower-middle income (2.0{\%}) countries. Overall, 39.1{\%} of those with 12-month substance use disorders recognized a treatment need; this recognition was more common in high-income (43.1{\%}) than in upper-middle (35.6{\%}) and low/lower-middle income (31.5{\%}) countries. Among those who recognized treatment need, 61.3{\%} made at least one visit to a service provider, and 29.5{\%} of the latter received minimally adequate treatment exposure (35.3{\%} in high, 20.3{\%} in upper-middle, and 8.6{\%} in low/lower-middle income countries). Overall, only 7.1{\%} of those with past-year substance use disorders received minimally adequate treatment: 10.3{\%} in high income, 4.3{\%} in upper-middle income and 1.0{\%} in low/lower-middle income countries. These data suggest that only a small minority of people with substance use disorders receive even minimally adequate treatment. At least three barriers are involved: awareness/perceived treatment need, accessing treatment once a need is recognized, and compliance (on the part of both provider and client) to obtain adequate treatment. Various factors are likely to be involved in each of these three barriers, all of which need to be addressed to improve treatment coverage of substance use disorders. These data provide a baseline for the global monitoring of progress of treatment coverage for these disorders as an indicator within the SDGs.},
	keywords = {alcohol, drugs, Substance use disorders, treatment coverage, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, World Health Organization},
	issn = {20515545},
	doi = {10.1002/wps.20457},
	author = {Degenhardt, L. and Glantz, M. and Evans-Lacko, S. and Sadikova, E. and Sampson, N. and Thornicroft, G. and Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. and Al-Hamzawi, A. and Alonso, J. and {Helena Andrade}, L. and Bruffaerts, R. and Bunting, B. and Bromet, E.J. and {Miguel Caldas de Almeida}, J. and de Girolamo, G. and Florescu, S. and Gureje, O. and {Maria Haro}, J. and Huang, Y. and Karam, A. and Karam, E. G. and Kiejna, A. and Lee, S. and Lepine, J.-P. and Levinson, D. and {Elena Medina-Mora}, M. and Nakamura, Y. and Navarro-Mateu, F. and Pennell, B.-E. and Posada-Villa, J. and Scott, K. and Stein, D. J. and ten Have, M. and Torres, Y. and Zarkov, Z. and Chatterji, S. and Kessler, R. C. and Adamowski, T. and Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. and Al-Hamzawi, A. and Al-Kaisy, M. and Alonso, J. and Altwaijri, Y. and Andrade, L.H. and Atwoli, L. and Auerbach, R.P. and Axinn, W.G. and Benjet, C. and Borges, G. and Bromet, E.J. and Bruffaerts, R. and Bunting, B. and {Caldas de Almeida}, J.M. and Cardoso, G. and Chardoul, S. and Chatterji, S. and Filho, A.C. and Cia, A.H. and Cuijpers, P. and de Girolamo, G. and de Graaf, R. and de Jonge, P. and Ebert, D.D. and Evans-Lacko, S. and Fayyad, J. and Florescu, S. and Galea, S. and Germine, L. and Ghimire, D.J. and Gilman, S.E. and Glantz, M.D. and Gluzman, S. and Gureje, O. and Haro, J.M. and Harris, M.G. and He, Y. and Hinkov, H. and Hu, C.-Y. and Huang, Y. and Karam, A.N. and Karam, E. G. and Kawakami, N. and Kessler, R. C. and Kiejna, A. and Koenen, K.C. and Kovess-Masfety, V. and Lara, C. and Lee, S. and Lepine, J.-P. and Levav, I. and Levinson, D. and Liu, Z. and Martins, S.S. and McGrath, J.J. and McLaughlin, K. A. and Medina-Mora, M.E. and Mneimneh, Z. and Moskalewicz, J. and Navarro-Mateu, F. and Nock, M.K. and O{\textquoteright}Neill, S. and Ormel, J. and Pennell, B.-E. and Piazza, M. and Piotrowski, P. and Posada-Villa, J. and Ruscio, A. M. and Scott, K.M. and Slade, T. and Smoller, J.W. and Stagnaro, J.C. and Stein, D. J. and Street, A.E. and Tachimori, H. and ten Have, M. and Thornicroft, G. and Torres, Y. and Vilagut, G. and Viana, M. C. and Wells, E. and Williams, D.R. and Williams, M.A. and Wojtyniak, B. and Zaslavsky, A.M.}
}
